I was hoping someone can give me additional information on this certain eye disease, such as specifically WHAT IT IS, (in simpler terms to make it easier) history, and symptoms. I'm not asking someone to give a whole essay. If they can give me a website or some of what they know, that would be okay.
Answer:
here's a good website.. my mom uses the book version at home. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec20/ch229/ch...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/trachoma...
Saturday, November 7, 2009
Grades to become a General Practitioner?
hey, im 13 atm and im at as grammar school study all the normal subjexts and we're at the time when w need to think about our options and i want mostly to be a GP this is not too ambitious i think but i think i can do it because i have interest in Science Maths communtications etc the subjexts needed but what grades do i actualy need to be a Gp?Also do you think if i work hard i could become one, as a younger child i was very interested in anatomy so i know a fair bit about the body and how it workds
Answer:
You will have to have excellent grades to go on and take A'levels. These are best taken in Science, Bilogy, Chemistry Etc. You dont actually train to become a GP by any mean quickly. You will have to go to medical school and spend about 7 years there and working as a SHO (Senior House Officer) After this you need to work for about 3-4 years gaining experience and deciding on a speciality, if you then decide you want to be a GP you have to work for many more years to gain the knowledge needed (5-7 years). So all in all it will take about 20 Years, this is why GP's are generally much older than doctors in hospitals. If you work hard of course you can do it, if i were you though i would take one step at a time, think about GCSE's first then go from there.
STUDY, STUDY, STUDY. IT TOOK ME 23 YEARS STARTING WITH FIRST GRADE TO BECOME A DENTIST. AND YOU WILL NEED ALL A's TO BECOME A PHYSICIAN (DOCTOR).
Answer:
You will have to have excellent grades to go on and take A'levels. These are best taken in Science, Bilogy, Chemistry Etc. You dont actually train to become a GP by any mean quickly. You will have to go to medical school and spend about 7 years there and working as a SHO (Senior House Officer) After this you need to work for about 3-4 years gaining experience and deciding on a speciality, if you then decide you want to be a GP you have to work for many more years to gain the knowledge needed (5-7 years). So all in all it will take about 20 Years, this is why GP's are generally much older than doctors in hospitals. If you work hard of course you can do it, if i were you though i would take one step at a time, think about GCSE's first then go from there.
STUDY, STUDY, STUDY. IT TOOK ME 23 YEARS STARTING WITH FIRST GRADE TO BECOME A DENTIST. AND YOU WILL NEED ALL A's TO BECOME A PHYSICIAN (DOCTOR).
GP's versus Nurses?
On the radio this week it was reported that GP's earn 拢100 thousand a year plus and Nurses in some hospitals and being ask to work some shifts for no pay cos the NHS cannot afford to pay them, Isnt it time we got our prioritys right
Answer:
It's just this kind of inequality that is causing so many nurses to leave the field and hence the nursing shortage. Nurses deserve better pay for the jobs they do!
its illegal to have somebody work for no pay... they use to do that in america, but they abolished slavery decades ago...
Ha! I am not surprised! Our nursing managers will try and get away with anything if you let them! Be interesting to know what, if anthing, our useless unions have to say about this...
i agree
Full time.
I hope the Democrats who are so in love with socialized medicine read this.
I am a male nurse working in a small country and the conditions are the same. It is not fair , after, all a nurse works with patients much more then a doctor. Here doctors are like Gods. If you need a picture for your passport it has to be signed by a doctor. And yes the managers are pretty nasty a few weeks ago I needed to take urgent vacation leave to attend to one of my children at school and I refused to say why I needed it. The next think I know I have been accused of gross negligence and had to appear in front of a public service commission. Its like in court with witnesses taking oaths and so on. That makes me very unhappy as I am with all the stress the job gives.
Answer:
It's just this kind of inequality that is causing so many nurses to leave the field and hence the nursing shortage. Nurses deserve better pay for the jobs they do!
its illegal to have somebody work for no pay... they use to do that in america, but they abolished slavery decades ago...
Ha! I am not surprised! Our nursing managers will try and get away with anything if you let them! Be interesting to know what, if anthing, our useless unions have to say about this...
i agree
Full time.
I hope the Democrats who are so in love with socialized medicine read this.
I am a male nurse working in a small country and the conditions are the same. It is not fair , after, all a nurse works with patients much more then a doctor. Here doctors are like Gods. If you need a picture for your passport it has to be signed by a doctor. And yes the managers are pretty nasty a few weeks ago I needed to take urgent vacation leave to attend to one of my children at school and I refused to say why I needed it. The next think I know I have been accused of gross negligence and had to appear in front of a public service commission. Its like in court with witnesses taking oaths and so on. That makes me very unhappy as I am with all the stress the job gives.
Good medical websites?
Anyone know of easy to navigate, professional websites for medical information, especially pregnancy/postpartum? I鈥檓 looking for medical info, NOT parenting. Thanks.
Answer:
webmd.com
www.webmd.com is definitely the place to go
webmd.com
Try this one:
Medline Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregn...
Answer:
webmd.com
www.webmd.com is definitely the place to go
webmd.com
Try this one:
Medline Plus
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregn...
going for surgery..need anesthesia? how does it work?
kinda scared to have to use anesthesia. hows it work? like, what do you feel? any stories or experiences? thanks..
Answer:
1. you'll get an intravenous catheter inserted, and they'll at first just be infusing some clear fluid with electrolytes in it- kind of like iv gatorade, to compensate for the fact that you've had nothing to eat or drink since midnight. no medications given at this point unless you're very nervous- then they can give you an iv sedative called versed, or midazolam.2. when you get transported to the operating room, the anesthesiologist will attach his routine monitors- bp cuff, ekg heart monitor, and pulse oximeter (clip with a shiny red light) on your finger. then you'll breath oxygen through a mask while medication is injected into your intravenous that will put you to sleep in about 10 seconds. that medication is called propofol. it's white and it may cause some irritation in the iv site, but that doesn't last long.3. you will be kept asleep using a combination of inhaled as well as intravenous medications. at the conclusion of surgery, these medications are all turned off and you'll gradually regain consciousness. that usually takes about 1 hour.4. even though our anesthetics wear off pretty quickly, the pain medications can last longer- and that's obviously a good thing. we don't want you to be in pain. the pain medications can have sedative side effects, so depending on how painful the surgery is, you may remain somewhat sleepy even after an hour.5. post-op nausea is the single most common side effect after an anesthetic. incidence is approximately 25% if you do get nauseous, you'll receive an iv anti-nausea medication in the recovery room.6. other than nausea, there's very little to worry about in terms of the anesthetic. modern anesthesia is very safe, and catastrophic or life-threatening risks are exceedingly rare.
YOU DONT FEEL ANYTHING IF ITS LOCAL ANAESTHESIA YOU WILL BE AWAKE BUT WONT FEEL A THING IF ITS GLOBAL YOU WILL SLEEP ONLY TO WAKE UP AND SEE YOUR STITCHES WHEREVER YOU GOT OPERATED .SO CHILL IT TOTALLY SUPRESS YOU NERVOUR RESPONSE SO THE PAIN SIGNALS FROM THE NERVES DONT REACH YOUR BRAIN
When I had surgery, They gave me Versed to begin with and I don't remember anything until 6 hours later when I woke up in my room!General Anesthesia is medication that basically puts you in a deep sleep, if it is done correctly. I had a nerve block ( a needle with medication inserted above the surgical spot that deadends the nerve) done also for a knuckle surgery, I didn't feel anything but some tugs and pull, but when the block wore off, it felt like my arm was asleep( like when you set on your foot and you get that tingling hurt feeling) magnified by 200. Good Luck!
I just underwent surgery with general anesthesia. You go to sleep and then you wake up, that's it. I woke up and thought that nothing had been done.
Depends on whether it's inhaled or injected.Inhaled: This works relatively slowly (takes a minute or two). You will drift from being awake to being really fogged up (like when really, really sleepy or drunk) and then pass out. Then you don't know anything till you wake up.Injected: Fast. For a few seconds you don't feel anything, then you immediately pass out.
They told me I'd first lose control of my eyes. I thought that was interesting and I tried to fight it, but it was a losing battle and I didn't really care at that point. They talk to you and you babble back. It may make sense to you at the time but they've heard it all and realize it doesn't really mean anything except to indicate how far under you've gotten. So don't worry about embarrassing yourself by this. It isn't like being hypnotized and told to act like you're a chicken or anything like that. It's just a strange way of falling asleep and there really isn't much if any anxiety about it. If you try to hold on, it gets to be too much work so you let it slip away.When you first wake up, you may say something but it may be limited to how you hurt. You won't remember it and then you'll fall asleep again. Then you wake up and your eyes feel all gummy. You remember from here on. A nurse will wipe off the lubricant they put on your eyes to keep them moist.They may offer you a cup of soda and you'll probably want it because they had a tube down your throat, leaving it sore. If you remember, ask if you can have a cup of ice chips to suck on. Sweet soda only helps you puke, and you'll probably be queasy afterward for several hours.If they have you on an IV before you go in to surgery, you'll notice that arm and hand will get puffy. That's normal. Also, don't hesitate to ask a nurse to go and pee. The IV does that, too. They prefer it because otherwise you'll empty yourself on the operating table. It happens, but while you're still awake you might as well be comfortable.It wasn't really bad the old way, either--back when they put a wire mesh mask covered with gauze over your mouth and nose and dripped ether on it. Although it was definitely a fire hazard and you always puked when you came out.Nothing to it, though. Once you start to go south, before you lose control entirely, you can even make a verbal pass at a pretty nurse or a handsome doctor and they'll just think it's the drugs. So you can get away with murder for about ten seconds. I'm sure they like a happy patient anyway.
There are different types of anesthesia. Depending on your procedure, you may not have to be put to sleep. The "how does it work?" question would lead to a complicated answer involving transport of sodium across nerve cell membranes - you probably don't care about that. General anesthesia is a drug-induced state of unconsciousness. If you do have general anesthesia, here is what happens:You'll need an i.v., which is usually started by nurses in the pre-op area. If you're nervous, ask for some sedation. Once all the paperwork is signed, there should be no problem with having a little something to take the edge off.You go to the OR (in surgicenters, we usually have patients walk to the OR; in hospitals, we wheel them in on a stretcher), have some monitors attached (blood pressure, EKG and oxygen monitor clip) and have you breathe some oxygen through a mask. If the mask scares you, let your anesthesiologist know - we can do other things to get you some extra oxygen. If you didn't get sedation pre-op, you'll get a slug of it in the OR. You may or may not remember going off to sleep. We inject medicine into the i.v., and you drift off to sleep in a few seconds.After you go to sleep, we have to make sure you breathe. Many times, a breathing tube is inserted into your windpipe and you go on a ventilator. Sometimes we use a mask and let you breathe on your own. It depends on the surgery, surgeon and patient.After you are asleep, we keep you unconscious with gas. It's easy to make changes in the amount of anesthesia with gas - we can turn it up and down to balance how much the surgeon is bothering you. We also give pain medications, and sometimes we paralyze your muscles to make it easier for the surgeon to do his/her thing. Every case is different, so every anesthetic is different.At the end, we turn off the gas, and you wake up. You should get medicine to prevent nausea, and enough of the pain medicine should be in your system to keep you relatively comfortable. If you are nauseated or in pain when you wake up, tell your recovery nurse and you'll get more medicine to fix the problem.If you are having surgery on the lower half of your body, consider a spinal. It sounds a lot scarier than it is. A spinal is an injection in your back, into the sac of fluid below where your spinal cord ends. It makes you unable to feel anything from about the waist down. We can then sedate you so you don't care what's going on. If you DO want to know what's going on (some people like to watch knee arthroscopy, for example) you can have your surgeon tell you what is found and what he/she does.People who have spinals feel a lot better in recovery than people who have had generals. But both do well.I have hundreds of stories, but there isn't room for them here.
Answer:
1. you'll get an intravenous catheter inserted, and they'll at first just be infusing some clear fluid with electrolytes in it- kind of like iv gatorade, to compensate for the fact that you've had nothing to eat or drink since midnight. no medications given at this point unless you're very nervous- then they can give you an iv sedative called versed, or midazolam.2. when you get transported to the operating room, the anesthesiologist will attach his routine monitors- bp cuff, ekg heart monitor, and pulse oximeter (clip with a shiny red light) on your finger. then you'll breath oxygen through a mask while medication is injected into your intravenous that will put you to sleep in about 10 seconds. that medication is called propofol. it's white and it may cause some irritation in the iv site, but that doesn't last long.3. you will be kept asleep using a combination of inhaled as well as intravenous medications. at the conclusion of surgery, these medications are all turned off and you'll gradually regain consciousness. that usually takes about 1 hour.4. even though our anesthetics wear off pretty quickly, the pain medications can last longer- and that's obviously a good thing. we don't want you to be in pain. the pain medications can have sedative side effects, so depending on how painful the surgery is, you may remain somewhat sleepy even after an hour.5. post-op nausea is the single most common side effect after an anesthetic. incidence is approximately 25% if you do get nauseous, you'll receive an iv anti-nausea medication in the recovery room.6. other than nausea, there's very little to worry about in terms of the anesthetic. modern anesthesia is very safe, and catastrophic or life-threatening risks are exceedingly rare.
YOU DONT FEEL ANYTHING IF ITS LOCAL ANAESTHESIA YOU WILL BE AWAKE BUT WONT FEEL A THING IF ITS GLOBAL YOU WILL SLEEP ONLY TO WAKE UP AND SEE YOUR STITCHES WHEREVER YOU GOT OPERATED .SO CHILL IT TOTALLY SUPRESS YOU NERVOUR RESPONSE SO THE PAIN SIGNALS FROM THE NERVES DONT REACH YOUR BRAIN
When I had surgery, They gave me Versed to begin with and I don't remember anything until 6 hours later when I woke up in my room!General Anesthesia is medication that basically puts you in a deep sleep, if it is done correctly. I had a nerve block ( a needle with medication inserted above the surgical spot that deadends the nerve) done also for a knuckle surgery, I didn't feel anything but some tugs and pull, but when the block wore off, it felt like my arm was asleep( like when you set on your foot and you get that tingling hurt feeling) magnified by 200. Good Luck!
I just underwent surgery with general anesthesia. You go to sleep and then you wake up, that's it. I woke up and thought that nothing had been done.
Depends on whether it's inhaled or injected.Inhaled: This works relatively slowly (takes a minute or two). You will drift from being awake to being really fogged up (like when really, really sleepy or drunk) and then pass out. Then you don't know anything till you wake up.Injected: Fast. For a few seconds you don't feel anything, then you immediately pass out.
They told me I'd first lose control of my eyes. I thought that was interesting and I tried to fight it, but it was a losing battle and I didn't really care at that point. They talk to you and you babble back. It may make sense to you at the time but they've heard it all and realize it doesn't really mean anything except to indicate how far under you've gotten. So don't worry about embarrassing yourself by this. It isn't like being hypnotized and told to act like you're a chicken or anything like that. It's just a strange way of falling asleep and there really isn't much if any anxiety about it. If you try to hold on, it gets to be too much work so you let it slip away.When you first wake up, you may say something but it may be limited to how you hurt. You won't remember it and then you'll fall asleep again. Then you wake up and your eyes feel all gummy. You remember from here on. A nurse will wipe off the lubricant they put on your eyes to keep them moist.They may offer you a cup of soda and you'll probably want it because they had a tube down your throat, leaving it sore. If you remember, ask if you can have a cup of ice chips to suck on. Sweet soda only helps you puke, and you'll probably be queasy afterward for several hours.If they have you on an IV before you go in to surgery, you'll notice that arm and hand will get puffy. That's normal. Also, don't hesitate to ask a nurse to go and pee. The IV does that, too. They prefer it because otherwise you'll empty yourself on the operating table. It happens, but while you're still awake you might as well be comfortable.It wasn't really bad the old way, either--back when they put a wire mesh mask covered with gauze over your mouth and nose and dripped ether on it. Although it was definitely a fire hazard and you always puked when you came out.Nothing to it, though. Once you start to go south, before you lose control entirely, you can even make a verbal pass at a pretty nurse or a handsome doctor and they'll just think it's the drugs. So you can get away with murder for about ten seconds. I'm sure they like a happy patient anyway.
There are different types of anesthesia. Depending on your procedure, you may not have to be put to sleep. The "how does it work?" question would lead to a complicated answer involving transport of sodium across nerve cell membranes - you probably don't care about that. General anesthesia is a drug-induced state of unconsciousness. If you do have general anesthesia, here is what happens:You'll need an i.v., which is usually started by nurses in the pre-op area. If you're nervous, ask for some sedation. Once all the paperwork is signed, there should be no problem with having a little something to take the edge off.You go to the OR (in surgicenters, we usually have patients walk to the OR; in hospitals, we wheel them in on a stretcher), have some monitors attached (blood pressure, EKG and oxygen monitor clip) and have you breathe some oxygen through a mask. If the mask scares you, let your anesthesiologist know - we can do other things to get you some extra oxygen. If you didn't get sedation pre-op, you'll get a slug of it in the OR. You may or may not remember going off to sleep. We inject medicine into the i.v., and you drift off to sleep in a few seconds.After you go to sleep, we have to make sure you breathe. Many times, a breathing tube is inserted into your windpipe and you go on a ventilator. Sometimes we use a mask and let you breathe on your own. It depends on the surgery, surgeon and patient.After you are asleep, we keep you unconscious with gas. It's easy to make changes in the amount of anesthesia with gas - we can turn it up and down to balance how much the surgeon is bothering you. We also give pain medications, and sometimes we paralyze your muscles to make it easier for the surgeon to do his/her thing. Every case is different, so every anesthetic is different.At the end, we turn off the gas, and you wake up. You should get medicine to prevent nausea, and enough of the pain medicine should be in your system to keep you relatively comfortable. If you are nauseated or in pain when you wake up, tell your recovery nurse and you'll get more medicine to fix the problem.If you are having surgery on the lower half of your body, consider a spinal. It sounds a lot scarier than it is. A spinal is an injection in your back, into the sac of fluid below where your spinal cord ends. It makes you unable to feel anything from about the waist down. We can then sedate you so you don't care what's going on. If you DO want to know what's going on (some people like to watch knee arthroscopy, for example) you can have your surgeon tell you what is found and what he/she does.People who have spinals feel a lot better in recovery than people who have had generals. But both do well.I have hundreds of stories, but there isn't room for them here.
Gluose levels after strenuous exercise?
Does anyone know what happens to blood glucose levels after strenuous exercise. If the levels change what are the reasons for the change?
thanks
Answer:
Glucose levels become lower after exercise - this is because the glucose in your body (which is converted to insulin) is then converted into energy and used. The more exercise you do, the more glucose and energy stores you use. This in course lowers your blood sugar levels.
I'm guessing glucose levels will be lower after strenuous exercise since sugar in our bodies is what gives us energy. If you're using up a lot of energy by exercising, I would think that there will be less sugar (glucose).
burned at least at 15 min
Hi. Glucose is used up to make energy for the contraction of muscles (and other things) so it may drop until your body stabilizes. Diabetics have a different problem with the stabilization due to insulin use.
thanks
Answer:
Glucose levels become lower after exercise - this is because the glucose in your body (which is converted to insulin) is then converted into energy and used. The more exercise you do, the more glucose and energy stores you use. This in course lowers your blood sugar levels.
I'm guessing glucose levels will be lower after strenuous exercise since sugar in our bodies is what gives us energy. If you're using up a lot of energy by exercising, I would think that there will be less sugar (glucose).
burned at least at 15 min
Hi. Glucose is used up to make energy for the contraction of muscles (and other things) so it may drop until your body stabilizes. Diabetics have a different problem with the stabilization due to insulin use.
Glucosamine causing breathlessness?
can anyone tell me if they have experienced breathlessness as a result of taking glucosamine tablets?
Answer:
Glucosamine is a dietry supplement recommended for the health of joints. It is said to improve the quality of cartilage and is recommended for osteoarthitis. There are some good studies that support its use. I took it myself ('til my large cheap supply bought in America ran out!)It is a dietry supplement, not a drug, and is a safe agent, hence the fact that you can buy it easily in Tescos. The only way in which it could cause breathlessness is if you happen to be allergic - however the chances of this are remotely small.If you have become short of breath, it is important to consider another cause. If you have had recent onset of breathing difficulties, you need to consider seeing your doctor, so that a correct diagnosis can be made.Hope your breathing has improved by the time you read this.
Hi, I've been taking Glucosamine + Chondroitin for about 8 months and haven't experienced any breathlessness - I'm surprised at this question because this medication is allegedly homoeopathic and does not contain any chemicals. Can I suggest having a word with your doc. - and remember everyone reacts differently to different medications.
cheers Morsel
ive been taking cod liver oil with glucosamine for over a year now, i take it because ive had back surgery and am left with chronic pain. i find myself not as stiff when i take these tablets, i definitely know my body is benefiting from them because if i forget to take them my joints start to get stiff, havnt had any side effects but then again everybody acts differently to medication.
go to your doctor, there could be another simple explanation for your breathlessness - good luck
I have had a look into the reported side effects for you and breathlessness is not reported as one of them (nausea/vomiting/diarrhoea etc have been). However - are you allergic to seafood? Most sources of glucosamine are from shell fish and you could be having an allergic reaction?To say its a food supplement and is therefore safe is a common misconception!! Most medications used today are derived from plant sources and often interact with other medicatin or cause side effects. The reason you can buy them off the shelf is because they have no product license - thats why they cannot 'claim' to help with the things they are often used for..
Answer:
Glucosamine is a dietry supplement recommended for the health of joints. It is said to improve the quality of cartilage and is recommended for osteoarthitis. There are some good studies that support its use. I took it myself ('til my large cheap supply bought in America ran out!)It is a dietry supplement, not a drug, and is a safe agent, hence the fact that you can buy it easily in Tescos. The only way in which it could cause breathlessness is if you happen to be allergic - however the chances of this are remotely small.If you have become short of breath, it is important to consider another cause. If you have had recent onset of breathing difficulties, you need to consider seeing your doctor, so that a correct diagnosis can be made.Hope your breathing has improved by the time you read this.
Hi, I've been taking Glucosamine + Chondroitin for about 8 months and haven't experienced any breathlessness - I'm surprised at this question because this medication is allegedly homoeopathic and does not contain any chemicals. Can I suggest having a word with your doc. - and remember everyone reacts differently to different medications.
cheers Morsel
ive been taking cod liver oil with glucosamine for over a year now, i take it because ive had back surgery and am left with chronic pain. i find myself not as stiff when i take these tablets, i definitely know my body is benefiting from them because if i forget to take them my joints start to get stiff, havnt had any side effects but then again everybody acts differently to medication.
go to your doctor, there could be another simple explanation for your breathlessness - good luck
I have had a look into the reported side effects for you and breathlessness is not reported as one of them (nausea/vomiting/diarrhoea etc have been). However - are you allergic to seafood? Most sources of glucosamine are from shell fish and you could be having an allergic reaction?To say its a food supplement and is therefore safe is a common misconception!! Most medications used today are derived from plant sources and often interact with other medicatin or cause side effects. The reason you can buy them off the shelf is because they have no product license - thats why they cannot 'claim' to help with the things they are often used for..
glibenclamide?
i want to know the literature review of glibenclamide .Is it is useful only to the patients who are unable to take the insulin ?
Answer:
It is called glyburide in the US. It is used as an adjunct to diet to lower the blood glucose in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type II) whose hyperglycemia cannot be satisfactorily controlled by diet alone.Glibenclamide (INN), also known as glyburide (USAN), is an anti-diabetic drug in a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, used in the treatment of type II diabetes. The drug works by inhibiting ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells. This inhibition causes cell membrane depolarization, opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels, thus triggering an increase in intracellular calcium into the beta cell which stimulates insulin release. It is sold in doses of 1.25mg, 2.5mg and 5mg, under the trade names Diabeta庐, Glynase庐 and Micronase庐 in the United States and Daonil庐, Semi-Daonil庐 and Euglucon庐 in the United Kingdom.It is also sold in combination with metformin under the trade name Glucovance庐.My question to you is why would somebody be unable to use insulin? Insulin is a naturally occuring hormone produced by the pancreas. With the newer human insulins available today, no one should be unable to use insulin.Hope this helps.Rick the Pharmacist
Here is one source of INFO...http://www.sopharma.com/glibenclamide.ph...
but if you want more..just put in your search engine "glibenclamide ", and you are gonna have more sites with info.Good luck.
Answer:
It is called glyburide in the US. It is used as an adjunct to diet to lower the blood glucose in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type II) whose hyperglycemia cannot be satisfactorily controlled by diet alone.Glibenclamide (INN), also known as glyburide (USAN), is an anti-diabetic drug in a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, used in the treatment of type II diabetes. The drug works by inhibiting ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells. This inhibition causes cell membrane depolarization, opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels, thus triggering an increase in intracellular calcium into the beta cell which stimulates insulin release. It is sold in doses of 1.25mg, 2.5mg and 5mg, under the trade names Diabeta庐, Glynase庐 and Micronase庐 in the United States and Daonil庐, Semi-Daonil庐 and Euglucon庐 in the United Kingdom.It is also sold in combination with metformin under the trade name Glucovance庐.My question to you is why would somebody be unable to use insulin? Insulin is a naturally occuring hormone produced by the pancreas. With the newer human insulins available today, no one should be unable to use insulin.Hope this helps.Rick the Pharmacist
Here is one source of INFO...http://www.sopharma.com/glibenclamide.ph...
but if you want more..just put in your search engine "glibenclamide ", and you are gonna have more sites with info.Good luck.
glaucoma??????
my doctor told me i might have glaucoma due to my eye examinations.. but im just curious... when you have glaucoma is your eye sort of red [due to veins] around the iris?
Answer:
my doctor checked my eyes for glaucoma only after seeing my eyes were red, and my eye lids were a bit swollen and did not show any fold. The best way to check if you have glaucoma, to have your eyes pressure checked. it does not hurt a bit and it just takes a while to know if your pressure is indeed high or low.
Yes. Eye becomes red more around cornea called circum corneal congestion.Glaucoma has been nicknamed "the sneak thief of sight
Glaucoma is a disease in which the optic nerve (the vision nerve) dies off slowly over time. There are many causes of glaucoma, but for many people it is related to high eye pressure. However, at least 30% of people with glaucoma have normal eye pressure.There is no one test that can definitely make the diagnosis of glaucoma. The diagnosis is made by looking carefully at the optic nerve (done by your doctor with special lenses), checking eye pressure, looking at the eye's internal drainage structures, and carefully measuring your peripheral vision.95% of glaucoma has no symptoms at all -- no pain, no noticable vision loss until very late in the disease, no redness, no swelling. This is very important to understand. Most eye diseases that cause symptoms are not glaucoma.Certain less common types of glaucoma could cause a red eye, these are rare and usually associated with very high eye pressure, pain, and markedly decreased vision. These cases are more dramatic, and there would be no question in your doctor's mind what is going on.
If glaucoma is detected in the early stages, it is usually treated by eye drops.But when it is advanced both laser and conventional surgery are used to treat glaucoma depending on the type of glaucoma .More details and information at http://eye-care.in/glaucoma.html...
If your doctor said that you might have glaucoma, then you need to have further tests for optic nerve damage.Or if you have a high IOP with no optic nerve damage, then you may be a glaucoma suspectYou may need eye drops in either case.Did your doctor mention what is your IOP?
Answer:
my doctor checked my eyes for glaucoma only after seeing my eyes were red, and my eye lids were a bit swollen and did not show any fold. The best way to check if you have glaucoma, to have your eyes pressure checked. it does not hurt a bit and it just takes a while to know if your pressure is indeed high or low.
Yes. Eye becomes red more around cornea called circum corneal congestion.Glaucoma has been nicknamed "the sneak thief of sight
Glaucoma is a disease in which the optic nerve (the vision nerve) dies off slowly over time. There are many causes of glaucoma, but for many people it is related to high eye pressure. However, at least 30% of people with glaucoma have normal eye pressure.There is no one test that can definitely make the diagnosis of glaucoma. The diagnosis is made by looking carefully at the optic nerve (done by your doctor with special lenses), checking eye pressure, looking at the eye's internal drainage structures, and carefully measuring your peripheral vision.95% of glaucoma has no symptoms at all -- no pain, no noticable vision loss until very late in the disease, no redness, no swelling. This is very important to understand. Most eye diseases that cause symptoms are not glaucoma.Certain less common types of glaucoma could cause a red eye, these are rare and usually associated with very high eye pressure, pain, and markedly decreased vision. These cases are more dramatic, and there would be no question in your doctor's mind what is going on.
If glaucoma is detected in the early stages, it is usually treated by eye drops.But when it is advanced both laser and conventional surgery are used to treat glaucoma depending on the type of glaucoma .More details and information at http://eye-care.in/glaucoma.html...
If your doctor said that you might have glaucoma, then you need to have further tests for optic nerve damage.Or if you have a high IOP with no optic nerve damage, then you may be a glaucoma suspectYou may need eye drops in either case.Did your doctor mention what is your IOP?
glasses have degrees, optics...whatever?
How should you ask someone if you wanna know the degree..optics, whatever (that's why I asked the question) of the g;lasses that they're wearing. For example, my right eye is 450 and my left eye is 400.Do I say... what are the optics of your glasses? or what are the degrees of your glasses?
Answer:
Glasses have prescriptions - you ask someone what the prescription is for their glasses
the power of the lenses are 4.00 and 4.50 dioptersyou can ask what is the power of your lenses, or ask how many diopters are those lenses
Answer:
Glasses have prescriptions - you ask someone what the prescription is for their glasses
the power of the lenses are 4.00 and 4.50 dioptersyou can ask what is the power of your lenses, or ask how many diopters are those lenses
Giving medication at regular intervals?
There is something that I have always wondered about giving medication at regular intervals. If you are told to give 4 doses daily of ibuprofen, for example, do you split the WHOLE 24 hours into 4, or do you only split the hours for which you are awake into 4?Example - I need to give my daughter calpol 4 times a day at regular intervals - so does that mean administering te medication at 3am, 9am, 3pm and 9pm (meaning i wake her up at 3am) or do i discount her sleeping time and split the following time period into 4 (8am - 9pm)?I really hope this question makes sense - my daughter is very sick, i took her to doc but forgot to ask this vital question!
Answer:
Don't feel bad about forgetting to ask the doctor. I've done it.Here's a tip. Buy a pack of index cards. Before a visit to the dr, write your questions down. Most doctors will see you are prepared, and will gladly take the time to answer them.Back to the subject, I would suggest you call the dr Mon morning, and explain your dilemma. You are asking a very intelligent question.--don't be bashful. People have asked dumber questions.
Monday--MAKE THAT CALL!!
Sounds like misery.
yeah do people ever read the directions??
she clearly doesn't
it will say a maximum dosage per day
and to wake your child just for a non life dependant med is plain cruel
I would be inclined to wake her at the 3am time - that way she has even cover throughout the 24 hours. Perhaps most wouldn't do that, but my eldest had febrile convulsions as a child, so any spike in temp was potentially going to trigger a seizure.
If it was an antibiotic, I would split the waking hours and dose accordingly - i.e. 8am 12noon 4pm and 8pm.
Hope that helps.
Four times a day in this case would be early morning-7A.M., 12- noon, early evening-5 P.M. and night, about 10 P.M. that would be four well spaced out times that does not have to mess to much with sleep time.
For something like antibiotics, it's important to give it on the timed schedule... for motrin or something, just skip the missed dose, son't give to her more often than every 6 hours. If she tends to wake in the night, you can give her that dose... otherwise, it's not a big deal.Sure hope your daughter feels better soon!
discount the sleep time calpol should be given every 4 hours mininum in waking hours
only give if nessary as can cause medcail problems
hope this helps and she gets better soon
Any kind of medication should really be split into the 24 hour time period, but unless the illness is life threatening, i.e. the child would be in hospital - most people split the waking hours.However if you little girl is very poorly her sleep will probably be disturbed when the medicine is due anyway and you may find her waking around that time, in which case give it to her then!
Go easy on the ibuprofen and calpol only use it only as needed to treat symptoms, such as pain and fever. Only use it if you child has a temperture over 100, or complains of pain. It only reduces pain and temperature. Ice water also works to lower temperature. Teas, soups, warm water, vapor rubs and throat drops can help reduce pain and congestion. Make sure she gets plenty of liquid and sleep. Pills do not make people healthy, fruits and vegtables do.
"Warning!Different preparations of Calpol are suitable for children of different ages. Make sure you use the correct preparation and dose for your child. Calpol fastmelts and six plus suspension are not suitable for children under six years of age. Do not exceed the dose stated in the information leaflet supplied with the medicine.
This medicine must not be given with any other paracetamol containing products.
An overdose of paracetamol is dangerous and capable of causing serious damage to the liver and kidneys. You should never exceed the dose stated in the information leaflet supplied with the medicine. Immediate medical advice should be sought in the event of an overdose with this medicine, even if your child seems well, because of the risk of delayed, serious liver damage.
If symptoms persist consult your doctor.
Use with caution in
Decreased kidney function
Decreased liver function
Not to be used in
Known sensitivity or allergy to any ingredient.
Calpol fastmelts contain phenylalanine and should not be given to children with an inherited disorder of protein metabolism called phenylketonuria.
This medicine should not be used if you are allergic to one or any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy.If you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this medicine and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.Pregnancy and BreastfeedingCertain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.
There are no known harmful effects when this medicine is used during pregnancy.
Small amounts of this medicine may pass into breast milk, however there are no known harmful effects when it is used by breastfeeding mothers.
Label warnings
Do not give this medication with any other products containing paracetamol.
Refer to the printed instructions for maximum daily intake.
Side effectsMedicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.
Skin rash
Calpol fastmelts may have a mild laxative effect.
The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the drug's manufacturer.For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.How can this medicine affect other medicines?You should not give your child other medicines that contain paracetamol in combination with this medicine, as this can easily result in exceeding the maximum recommended daily dose of paracetamol. Many cold and flu remedies and over-the-counter painkillers contain paracetamol, so be sure to check the ingredients of any other medicines before giving them with this one.Cholestyramine reduces the absorption of paracetamol from the gut. It should not be taken within an hour of taking paracetamol or the effect of the paracetamol will be reduced.Metoclopramide and domperidone may increase the absorption of paracetamol from the gut.Long-term or regular use of paracetamol may increase the anti-blood-clotting effect of warfarin and other anticoagulant medicines, leading to an increased risk of bleeding. Regular monitoring of blood clotting times should be performed if paracetamol is used regularly with these medicines. This effect does not occur with occasional pain-killing doses.Other medicines containing the same active ingredientAlvedon suppositories Anadin paracetamol Disprol
Fennings children's cooling powders Hedex Infadrops
Lemsip childrens cold and flu blackcurrant Medinol Panadol
Paracets Perfalgan infusio"
4 times a day should be spread out as evenly as possible. You don't need to wake someone it the middle of the night.
If you wake up at 7am, take at 7am ,1pm ,6pm and 11pm.
Make it as close to very 6 hours as possible.
Answer:
Don't feel bad about forgetting to ask the doctor. I've done it.Here's a tip. Buy a pack of index cards. Before a visit to the dr, write your questions down. Most doctors will see you are prepared, and will gladly take the time to answer them.Back to the subject, I would suggest you call the dr Mon morning, and explain your dilemma. You are asking a very intelligent question.--don't be bashful. People have asked dumber questions.
Monday--MAKE THAT CALL!!
Sounds like misery.
yeah do people ever read the directions??
she clearly doesn't
it will say a maximum dosage per day
and to wake your child just for a non life dependant med is plain cruel
I would be inclined to wake her at the 3am time - that way she has even cover throughout the 24 hours. Perhaps most wouldn't do that, but my eldest had febrile convulsions as a child, so any spike in temp was potentially going to trigger a seizure.
If it was an antibiotic, I would split the waking hours and dose accordingly - i.e. 8am 12noon 4pm and 8pm.
Hope that helps.
Four times a day in this case would be early morning-7A.M., 12- noon, early evening-5 P.M. and night, about 10 P.M. that would be four well spaced out times that does not have to mess to much with sleep time.
For something like antibiotics, it's important to give it on the timed schedule... for motrin or something, just skip the missed dose, son't give to her more often than every 6 hours. If she tends to wake in the night, you can give her that dose... otherwise, it's not a big deal.Sure hope your daughter feels better soon!
discount the sleep time calpol should be given every 4 hours mininum in waking hours
only give if nessary as can cause medcail problems
hope this helps and she gets better soon
Any kind of medication should really be split into the 24 hour time period, but unless the illness is life threatening, i.e. the child would be in hospital - most people split the waking hours.However if you little girl is very poorly her sleep will probably be disturbed when the medicine is due anyway and you may find her waking around that time, in which case give it to her then!
Go easy on the ibuprofen and calpol only use it only as needed to treat symptoms, such as pain and fever. Only use it if you child has a temperture over 100, or complains of pain. It only reduces pain and temperature. Ice water also works to lower temperature. Teas, soups, warm water, vapor rubs and throat drops can help reduce pain and congestion. Make sure she gets plenty of liquid and sleep. Pills do not make people healthy, fruits and vegtables do.
"Warning!Different preparations of Calpol are suitable for children of different ages. Make sure you use the correct preparation and dose for your child. Calpol fastmelts and six plus suspension are not suitable for children under six years of age. Do not exceed the dose stated in the information leaflet supplied with the medicine.
This medicine must not be given with any other paracetamol containing products.
An overdose of paracetamol is dangerous and capable of causing serious damage to the liver and kidneys. You should never exceed the dose stated in the information leaflet supplied with the medicine. Immediate medical advice should be sought in the event of an overdose with this medicine, even if your child seems well, because of the risk of delayed, serious liver damage.
If symptoms persist consult your doctor.
Use with caution in
Decreased kidney function
Decreased liver function
Not to be used in
Known sensitivity or allergy to any ingredient.
Calpol fastmelts contain phenylalanine and should not be given to children with an inherited disorder of protein metabolism called phenylketonuria.
This medicine should not be used if you are allergic to one or any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy.If you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this medicine and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.Pregnancy and BreastfeedingCertain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.
There are no known harmful effects when this medicine is used during pregnancy.
Small amounts of this medicine may pass into breast milk, however there are no known harmful effects when it is used by breastfeeding mothers.
Label warnings
Do not give this medication with any other products containing paracetamol.
Refer to the printed instructions for maximum daily intake.
Side effectsMedicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.
Skin rash
Calpol fastmelts may have a mild laxative effect.
The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the drug's manufacturer.For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.How can this medicine affect other medicines?You should not give your child other medicines that contain paracetamol in combination with this medicine, as this can easily result in exceeding the maximum recommended daily dose of paracetamol. Many cold and flu remedies and over-the-counter painkillers contain paracetamol, so be sure to check the ingredients of any other medicines before giving them with this one.Cholestyramine reduces the absorption of paracetamol from the gut. It should not be taken within an hour of taking paracetamol or the effect of the paracetamol will be reduced.Metoclopramide and domperidone may increase the absorption of paracetamol from the gut.Long-term or regular use of paracetamol may increase the anti-blood-clotting effect of warfarin and other anticoagulant medicines, leading to an increased risk of bleeding. Regular monitoring of blood clotting times should be performed if paracetamol is used regularly with these medicines. This effect does not occur with occasional pain-killing doses.Other medicines containing the same active ingredientAlvedon suppositories Anadin paracetamol Disprol
Fennings children's cooling powders Hedex Infadrops
Lemsip childrens cold and flu blackcurrant Medinol Panadol
Paracets Perfalgan infusio"
4 times a day should be spread out as evenly as possible. You don't need to wake someone it the middle of the night.
If you wake up at 7am, take at 7am ,1pm ,6pm and 11pm.
Make it as close to very 6 hours as possible.
giving 500 mg of medication in 50 ml to infuse over 30 minutes using a 10 drops/ml set would result in?
administration of --------- drops/min. 16.6/23/34.5/41.6
Answer:
In this case concentration is not needed. Just the volume, time and drip set.50 mL * 10 gtts/mL = 500 gtts500 gtts / 30 min = 16.67 gtts/min
You can't have an answer to this question unless you know the two substances you where mixing.
50ml in 30minutes = 1.66 ml/min=%26gt;at 10 drops/ml = 16.6 drops/min
Answer:
In this case concentration is not needed. Just the volume, time and drip set.50 mL * 10 gtts/mL = 500 gtts500 gtts / 30 min = 16.67 gtts/min
You can't have an answer to this question unless you know the two substances you where mixing.
50ml in 30minutes = 1.66 ml/min=%26gt;at 10 drops/ml = 16.6 drops/min
Given that there are more than 70, 000 people on the...?
organ donor waiting list, how do you believe the system of priority should be arranged (i.e. those who are more ill should get the first available organ first, or those who have been on the list longer?)
Answer:
There is a lot more to this than who's been on the list longest and who is sickest.The foremost concern is the organ a tissue match. This will actually eliminate a lot of people from the list. The second consideration needs to be the viability of the organ, they can only be kept viable for a certain period. If an organ can't be transported to a prospective recipient within the time alloted they need to be excluded.
after that, I believe next a formula needs to be devised that will assign a quantifiable value to each prospective recipient. This formula should take into account how sick someone is and the probability of a successful outcome, by using some measures of general health.After all putting an organ in the sickest person will not be the best option from a resource standpoint if the person is in generally poor health otherwise and most likely will not survive.By the way that is pretty much how it works now, except for some reason the rich and politically connected seem to be exempt from the normal process.
The most ill should be first. To this I raise a question, what support do you give to medicine to help these people. Blood is always needed, do you give? Just as important, and maybe more so, are you a Platelets donor?
I think that the most ill patient wiil have the organ..
Severity of illness/ condition is a priority factor for the current waiting list.
Unfortunately or fortunately, and I think rightfully so, the solid organ donor allocation is controlled by law in USA and the sickest (those closest to death) are first to receive a solid organ transplant, except live donor to recipient kidney transplants which are performed outside of the donor list.
Organ donors save lives, here is a link you may find interesting www.organdonor.gov, ro www.unos.org
Answer:
There is a lot more to this than who's been on the list longest and who is sickest.The foremost concern is the organ a tissue match. This will actually eliminate a lot of people from the list. The second consideration needs to be the viability of the organ, they can only be kept viable for a certain period. If an organ can't be transported to a prospective recipient within the time alloted they need to be excluded.
after that, I believe next a formula needs to be devised that will assign a quantifiable value to each prospective recipient. This formula should take into account how sick someone is and the probability of a successful outcome, by using some measures of general health.After all putting an organ in the sickest person will not be the best option from a resource standpoint if the person is in generally poor health otherwise and most likely will not survive.By the way that is pretty much how it works now, except for some reason the rich and politically connected seem to be exempt from the normal process.
The most ill should be first. To this I raise a question, what support do you give to medicine to help these people. Blood is always needed, do you give? Just as important, and maybe more so, are you a Platelets donor?
I think that the most ill patient wiil have the organ..
Severity of illness/ condition is a priority factor for the current waiting list.
Unfortunately or fortunately, and I think rightfully so, the solid organ donor allocation is controlled by law in USA and the sickest (those closest to death) are first to receive a solid organ transplant, except live donor to recipient kidney transplants which are performed outside of the donor list.
Organ donors save lives, here is a link you may find interesting www.organdonor.gov, ro www.unos.org
Given a trillion neurons in the adult brain and can connect to any other, how many poss. conecs. can be made?
Is this a permutation, a combination or what?
Answer:
Since you didn't state how many times a neuron can synapse with another neuron there can be an infinite number of connections. And in fact some neurons synapse with hundreds if not thousands of other neurons, but there are alot of neurons that synapse with only one or very few other neurons. As a general rule if the order doesn't matter it's a permutation, if it matters it's a combination. Given a set of numbers there are always more permutations than combinations. By the way, there are 100 billion neurons in the adult brain, with 10,000 trillions of connections and the brain has a reported maximum processing speed of 100 trillion transmissions per second.
It is a combination, not permuatation, but it's just so frickin huge it is beyond belief. Suffice it to say it's a hell of a lot more than the number of atoms in the universe (about 10^40).
This just like your computer memory chip !
The way you state the problem is a bit of a simplification. As you posed the problem, any neuron can connect to any other. In this case, if there are N neurons, there are N*N possible connections. For a trillion neurons (10^12) there are one septillion (10^24) possible connections. For scale 5*10^24 is roughly the mass of the earth in kg.In reality, it is not possible for any neuron to synapse with any other. Each neuron projects to a relatively small area and synapses with only neurons in that region. Neurons have on average 10,000 synapse each, so that yields 10^5 * 10^12 = 10^17 or one hundred quadrillion synapses.
Answer:
Since you didn't state how many times a neuron can synapse with another neuron there can be an infinite number of connections. And in fact some neurons synapse with hundreds if not thousands of other neurons, but there are alot of neurons that synapse with only one or very few other neurons. As a general rule if the order doesn't matter it's a permutation, if it matters it's a combination. Given a set of numbers there are always more permutations than combinations. By the way, there are 100 billion neurons in the adult brain, with 10,000 trillions of connections and the brain has a reported maximum processing speed of 100 trillion transmissions per second.
It is a combination, not permuatation, but it's just so frickin huge it is beyond belief. Suffice it to say it's a hell of a lot more than the number of atoms in the universe (about 10^40).
This just like your computer memory chip !
The way you state the problem is a bit of a simplification. As you posed the problem, any neuron can connect to any other. In this case, if there are N neurons, there are N*N possible connections. For a trillion neurons (10^12) there are one septillion (10^24) possible connections. For scale 5*10^24 is roughly the mass of the earth in kg.In reality, it is not possible for any neuron to synapse with any other. Each neuron projects to a relatively small area and synapses with only neurons in that region. Neurons have on average 10,000 synapse each, so that yields 10^5 * 10^12 = 10^17 or one hundred quadrillion synapses.
give the different drugs that cause or contribute to abnormal heart rytms?
give the different drugs that cause or contribute to abnormal heart rytms?
Answer:
some are 1) alcohol 2) monosodium glutamate or m.s.g. 3) ventolin in excessive dosage
heart disease, particularly coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, and heart failure. Many drugs, prescription or nonprescription, can lead to arrhythmias.
Caffeine is a common one that may lead to arrhythmia's.
They sometimes occur naturally and drugs must be taken to stabilize them.
Answer:
some are 1) alcohol 2) monosodium glutamate or m.s.g. 3) ventolin in excessive dosage
heart disease, particularly coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, and heart failure. Many drugs, prescription or nonprescription, can lead to arrhythmias.
Caffeine is a common one that may lead to arrhythmia's.
They sometimes occur naturally and drugs must be taken to stabilize them.
give some example of a medical application of Electromagnetic radiation...?
Answer:
X-ray , CT scan.
NMR/MRI scans.
X rays, gamma ray sterilisation, computerised routers, pacemakers, cochlear implants %26 endoscopy/colonoscopy.
Please see the web page for more details on Electromagnetic radiation and Google search on it's medical applications.
UV light treatment for babies with jaundice.
give me tips with pictures for examinattion of abdomen?
i am a medical student i need skills for diagnosis and managment of patients.
Answer:
I have used two websites preparing for the USMLE. One was the website suggested by the previous answerer, and the other one is this link to a video.http://www.conntutorials.com/video.html...Once you watched and read them try to find a willing person to practice on. :)
there you go
http://medicine.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/abd...
remeber that the more you practice the easier it gets. good luck
Answer:
I have used two websites preparing for the USMLE. One was the website suggested by the previous answerer, and the other one is this link to a video.http://www.conntutorials.com/video.html...Once you watched and read them try to find a willing person to practice on. :)
there you go
http://medicine.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/abd...
remeber that the more you practice the easier it gets. good luck
give me the details about lazer treatment for high myopia?
i have high myopia. my contact lence power is -16
Answer:
i myself have undergone through dis procedure, in this using laser, they are just scraping or clicing off layer of cornea, there is no need for stiches, and no pain at all.. full vision in 48-72hours also, can go home after the procedure, i myself have driven home all alone.. no alteration to lens,
i had high myopia -8 just got my lasik done i am happy got perfect vision now thanks to my doc! its a simple 10 min procedure where the laser is used to change the shape[curvature] of a tiny part of the cornea, once the correct curvature is achieved the light focuses correctly on the retina and one can see perfect normal vision, i was told i may have dryness for several months but i was okay dint have any dryness. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.
Laser treatment for myopia reshapes the cornea. Although there are now new advances in this field, I don't think refractive or laser eye surgery is for you (or maybe enough) because of your very high degree.You may want to ask your ophthalmologist regarding Clear Lens Extraction (also called Refractive Lens Exchange).
Answer:
i myself have undergone through dis procedure, in this using laser, they are just scraping or clicing off layer of cornea, there is no need for stiches, and no pain at all.. full vision in 48-72hours also, can go home after the procedure, i myself have driven home all alone.. no alteration to lens,
i had high myopia -8 just got my lasik done i am happy got perfect vision now thanks to my doc! its a simple 10 min procedure where the laser is used to change the shape[curvature] of a tiny part of the cornea, once the correct curvature is achieved the light focuses correctly on the retina and one can see perfect normal vision, i was told i may have dryness for several months but i was okay dint have any dryness. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.
Laser treatment for myopia reshapes the cornea. Although there are now new advances in this field, I don't think refractive or laser eye surgery is for you (or maybe enough) because of your very high degree.You may want to ask your ophthalmologist regarding Clear Lens Extraction (also called Refractive Lens Exchange).
give me reasons why I would choose to become a doctor someday. Is it worth it?
Why is medicine a noble profession? How do they contribute to the society? Please give me answers!( I'm desperate!)
-thnx
Answer:
Not only is a doctor a job that is about saving people's lives but you make the world a better place. Now if you want to look at it from a financial stand point. Many jobs come and go like being in the oil business. One day maybe sometime soon we will run out of oil or stop using it. So then all of those people lose their jobs. But being a doctor, you never lose your job. People are always getting sick or hurt so they are always needing help from a medical authority. If you are a "people person" or you like making new friends and talking to people this would also be a great opportunity. You get to meet lots of new people and you get to be friends with your patients. I think that being in the medical field is a great job and has great points or things that you can do with it. Another point of the financial stand point is that doctors are paid generously. If anything above interests you I highly suggest you getting into the medical field. %26lt;3
because you have the joy of saving people's lives everyday and thats a reward withing itself.
People that go into medicine generally do so out of a love for the subject and desire to help people. If you don't have that chances are you will be an ineffective physician and should find another profession.
It doesn't sound like you're driven to become a Dr. on your own volition, so I'd say DON'T BECOME A DR! I only want the most talented, medicine loving people to be Drs. and you're not it. Sorry.
it is a noble profession if you are truly dedicated to your job and sincerely want to help your patients.
you can bilk the insurance co's out of a lot of money, then bill the patient for the rest. you can get all your drugs free, samples, you can own a house on the ocean and a 95' boat to go with it, you can get all the women you want, they come to you, lol.. i'll have to admit it 5% of them are real doctors and not just referral artist's.
I would say being a doctor is a good profession if you are a patient and compassionate person.
That is something you have to feel inside its a very very dedicated job and takes a special person to be awakened most nights and to be responsible for patients lives and to have to go to so many years of school. No one can tell you the reasons you have to have them or else your heading in the wrong job field and trust me its a hard career to get into so if your not dedicated you won't make it. My dad is a Radiologist and my brother is a dentist.
Mostly because you're a caring sort of person, but there's also public admiration, the variety, its well-paid and secure, its interesting, it involves life-long learning as medical techniques change, women would love to marry a doctor, etc.
hey, i'm a first year med student.before gettin admission i thought it was easy to become one.now i know that this a very difficult course,lots and lots to study.but when you go to the wards and see the respect that people give you eventhough you are just a student ,you really understand that it is worthwhile.her e you can save lives,thats more than enough a reason to get into this profession.if your interested comeon,join it.
I thought about this question.If you don't know or in doubt now. How could you be a great doctor later. If you don't know how important it is to be a doctor. I think you need to make of your mind. This is a decision you got to make. All you have to do is look all around you and see what it means to be in that field.hopes this helps.
Besides all the obvious aspects of becoming a physician, for me there are a couple of other "perks" to the profession. First off, your voice will be heard, if you would like to do research towards discovering new treatments, cures, procedures etc, becoming a physician will grant you the ability to do such. Also physicians can travel the world helping those in dire need. I know a surgeon that travels 3 times a year to different third world nations to do maxillofacial surgery on the poor. This surgery is greatly important because individuals can't eat with a deformed cleft pallet. Another friend of mine also works summers at a camp with children suffering from a terminal disease, the camp can't exist without the physicians on staff. On a more local perspective you can also donate time or work for a circuit of clinics that will allow you to care for the most underserved communities in your area.
If Hillary's health care or any other form of socialized medicine goes through, both medical care and the economy are kaput. In that case, it is not worth all the years of training and school for nothing. I am glad I am retired. The trial lawyers have run OB doctors out of the field.
You don't have to be special "type" to be a doctor. There are so many specialties in medicine, there is literally a place for anyone.
The previous answers are all based on stereotypes.
I am a doctor. Been one for 30 years. I prefer a practice where I see many patients and have little business responsibilities.
Some doctors are better at the business end. Some don't see patients at all. Caring and compassion have little to do with it.
Any profession requires hard work, dedication and integrity (except of course the legal profession- just kidding)
There is still a certain amount of societal respect for physicians, but even this has waned in recent years.
So don't go for the glory, the money or anything.
But medicine is the best combination of art and science I can think of.
There is a lot of self-satisfaction and a degree that is yours forever.
Good luck
-thnx
Answer:
Not only is a doctor a job that is about saving people's lives but you make the world a better place. Now if you want to look at it from a financial stand point. Many jobs come and go like being in the oil business. One day maybe sometime soon we will run out of oil or stop using it. So then all of those people lose their jobs. But being a doctor, you never lose your job. People are always getting sick or hurt so they are always needing help from a medical authority. If you are a "people person" or you like making new friends and talking to people this would also be a great opportunity. You get to meet lots of new people and you get to be friends with your patients. I think that being in the medical field is a great job and has great points or things that you can do with it. Another point of the financial stand point is that doctors are paid generously. If anything above interests you I highly suggest you getting into the medical field. %26lt;3
because you have the joy of saving people's lives everyday and thats a reward withing itself.
People that go into medicine generally do so out of a love for the subject and desire to help people. If you don't have that chances are you will be an ineffective physician and should find another profession.
It doesn't sound like you're driven to become a Dr. on your own volition, so I'd say DON'T BECOME A DR! I only want the most talented, medicine loving people to be Drs. and you're not it. Sorry.
it is a noble profession if you are truly dedicated to your job and sincerely want to help your patients.
you can bilk the insurance co's out of a lot of money, then bill the patient for the rest. you can get all your drugs free, samples, you can own a house on the ocean and a 95' boat to go with it, you can get all the women you want, they come to you, lol.. i'll have to admit it 5% of them are real doctors and not just referral artist's.
I would say being a doctor is a good profession if you are a patient and compassionate person.
That is something you have to feel inside its a very very dedicated job and takes a special person to be awakened most nights and to be responsible for patients lives and to have to go to so many years of school. No one can tell you the reasons you have to have them or else your heading in the wrong job field and trust me its a hard career to get into so if your not dedicated you won't make it. My dad is a Radiologist and my brother is a dentist.
Mostly because you're a caring sort of person, but there's also public admiration, the variety, its well-paid and secure, its interesting, it involves life-long learning as medical techniques change, women would love to marry a doctor, etc.
hey, i'm a first year med student.before gettin admission i thought it was easy to become one.now i know that this a very difficult course,lots and lots to study.but when you go to the wards and see the respect that people give you eventhough you are just a student ,you really understand that it is worthwhile.her e you can save lives,thats more than enough a reason to get into this profession.if your interested comeon,join it.
I thought about this question.If you don't know or in doubt now. How could you be a great doctor later. If you don't know how important it is to be a doctor. I think you need to make of your mind. This is a decision you got to make. All you have to do is look all around you and see what it means to be in that field.hopes this helps.
Besides all the obvious aspects of becoming a physician, for me there are a couple of other "perks" to the profession. First off, your voice will be heard, if you would like to do research towards discovering new treatments, cures, procedures etc, becoming a physician will grant you the ability to do such. Also physicians can travel the world helping those in dire need. I know a surgeon that travels 3 times a year to different third world nations to do maxillofacial surgery on the poor. This surgery is greatly important because individuals can't eat with a deformed cleft pallet. Another friend of mine also works summers at a camp with children suffering from a terminal disease, the camp can't exist without the physicians on staff. On a more local perspective you can also donate time or work for a circuit of clinics that will allow you to care for the most underserved communities in your area.
If Hillary's health care or any other form of socialized medicine goes through, both medical care and the economy are kaput. In that case, it is not worth all the years of training and school for nothing. I am glad I am retired. The trial lawyers have run OB doctors out of the field.
You don't have to be special "type" to be a doctor. There are so many specialties in medicine, there is literally a place for anyone.
The previous answers are all based on stereotypes.
I am a doctor. Been one for 30 years. I prefer a practice where I see many patients and have little business responsibilities.
Some doctors are better at the business end. Some don't see patients at all. Caring and compassion have little to do with it.
Any profession requires hard work, dedication and integrity (except of course the legal profession- just kidding)
There is still a certain amount of societal respect for physicians, but even this has waned in recent years.
So don't go for the glory, the money or anything.
But medicine is the best combination of art and science I can think of.
There is a lot of self-satisfaction and a degree that is yours forever.
Good luck
Give me a simple definition of astigmatism?
Answer:
A refractive defect of a lens or other optical system that prevents light rays from converging at a single point, resulting in a blurred or imperfect image.
A visual defect in which the unequal curvature of one or more refractive surfaces of the eye, usually the cornea, prevents light rays from focusing clearly at one point on the retina, resulting in blurred vision.
Astigmatism is a vision condition that occurs when the front surface of your eye, the cornea, is slightly irregular in shape. This irregular shape prevents light from focusing properly on the back of your eye, the retina. As a result, your vision may be blurred at all distances.
a distortion of the image on the retina caused by irregularities in the cornea or lens:))
Astigmatism is the result of an inability of the cornea to properly focus an image onto the retina. The result is a blurred image.
a defect of an optical system (as of the eye) that prevents light from focusing accurately and results in a blurred image or unclear vision
Get the right definition, go to WEBMD!
As a sufferer of this eyesite problem,it's been explained to
me that this is condition caused by irregularities in the
thickness of the lens of the eye.Much like looking through
a glass of water.
Prior to the days of laser surgery,I've been told that this
problem was not curable,only correctable.
With the advent of this type of surgery that situation has been pretty much eliminated.
1. A condition of unequal curvatures along the different meridians in one or more of the refractive surfaces (cornea, anterior or posterior surface of the lens) of the eye, in consequence of which the rays from a luminous point are not focused at a single point on the retina.
2. A lens or optical system having different refractivity in different meridians.
Abnormal curvature of the cornea or the front or back of the lens of the eye. This results in the eye's inability to focus sharply.
Ginkgo biloba, How long before I see it working?
Ive started taking these Ginkgo biloba 60mg tablets once a day today im 20 yrs old, How long do you think it will take for me to start seeing results in my brain function
Answer:
You should notice a difference nearly immediately (maybe after 15 minutes). Upon taking Ginkgo Biloba, the brain receives more blood and oxygen. If you take one tablet daily, your memory and concentration will temporarily be enhanced. Of course you will only notice difference when you try to concentrate fiercely on one subject such as memorizing things or deep concentration required skills. When one frequently consumes Ginkgo Biloba, he may also conserve better brain health. The chance one ends up with Alzheimer's becomes smaller.If you experience any negative side effects, you should quit taking it immediately.
I one heard
"if you can rember to take Ginkgo then you dont need it"
Ginkgo biloba products with 24.0% standardization of ginkgolides. (Could also be listed as ginkgo flavonoids or flavone glycosides.) Take 120 milligrams a day in divided doses with food.Seek the advice of your health care practitioner if you are taking Coumadin or any other blood-thinning medication such as low-dose aspirin therapy.
Ginkgo Biloba has been shown to slightly improve the mental functions such as memory of healthy young individuals after 6 to 8 weeks but only at doses of 180-240mg or more.If you want a noticeable and instant improvement try nicotine patches or nicotine gum. goto the links below for more info!!
Answer:
You should notice a difference nearly immediately (maybe after 15 minutes). Upon taking Ginkgo Biloba, the brain receives more blood and oxygen. If you take one tablet daily, your memory and concentration will temporarily be enhanced. Of course you will only notice difference when you try to concentrate fiercely on one subject such as memorizing things or deep concentration required skills. When one frequently consumes Ginkgo Biloba, he may also conserve better brain health. The chance one ends up with Alzheimer's becomes smaller.If you experience any negative side effects, you should quit taking it immediately.
I one heard
"if you can rember to take Ginkgo then you dont need it"
Ginkgo biloba products with 24.0% standardization of ginkgolides. (Could also be listed as ginkgo flavonoids or flavone glycosides.) Take 120 milligrams a day in divided doses with food.Seek the advice of your health care practitioner if you are taking Coumadin or any other blood-thinning medication such as low-dose aspirin therapy.
Ginkgo Biloba has been shown to slightly improve the mental functions such as memory of healthy young individuals after 6 to 8 weeks but only at doses of 180-240mg or more.If you want a noticeable and instant improvement try nicotine patches or nicotine gum. goto the links below for more info!!
Gift for someone who is pre-med?
I want to get my bf a gift and he's pre-med. Does anyone know of any online stores with interesting gifts that might interest someone going into medicine?
Answer:
ok i'm a first year med student and the last thing i would want before i started med school is an anatomy book or a stethoscope (mainly because i wouldnt know how to use either). Besides you wouldnt know which book to get (Netter's if you do decide on that) or what kind of stethoscope (a high dollar one if he is gonna be a cardiologist). Get him something interesting that he will enjoy like a book on medical school or the First Aid for USMLE Step 1 (he will be buying it anyway and theres only one). Some good books about med school and beyond: House of God by Samuel Shem, The year of the intern by Robin Cook, On Call by Emily Transue, Kill as few patients as possible by Oscar London, or Becoming a Doctor by Melvin Konner. The First Aid book is something every med student buys because it is our bible of the first 2 years.Edit: Two books my wife bought me (which your boyfriend wont understand or care about yet but will after his first semester) were The medical science of House, MD by Andrew Holtz and Stiff by Mary Roach. Stiff is really cool but wont mean much to him until he gets into gross anatomy and starts cutting somebody up.
I suggest going to amazon.com and buying them a really good anatomy book.
stethascope
If you buy a stethescope make sure it is a littmanns (littmanns classic 2 is awesome, he's not going to need a specialist one for years! And even if he doesn't know how to use it he soon will and they are great fun to practice with- think role playing)! A palm pilot if you have more money, a holiday before his study starts. A good pair of comfy shoes! A good watch with a seconds hand. Some shirts and ties. A nice pen- black ink. Hope this helps.
Answer:
ok i'm a first year med student and the last thing i would want before i started med school is an anatomy book or a stethoscope (mainly because i wouldnt know how to use either). Besides you wouldnt know which book to get (Netter's if you do decide on that) or what kind of stethoscope (a high dollar one if he is gonna be a cardiologist). Get him something interesting that he will enjoy like a book on medical school or the First Aid for USMLE Step 1 (he will be buying it anyway and theres only one). Some good books about med school and beyond: House of God by Samuel Shem, The year of the intern by Robin Cook, On Call by Emily Transue, Kill as few patients as possible by Oscar London, or Becoming a Doctor by Melvin Konner. The First Aid book is something every med student buys because it is our bible of the first 2 years.Edit: Two books my wife bought me (which your boyfriend wont understand or care about yet but will after his first semester) were The medical science of House, MD by Andrew Holtz and Stiff by Mary Roach. Stiff is really cool but wont mean much to him until he gets into gross anatomy and starts cutting somebody up.
I suggest going to amazon.com and buying them a really good anatomy book.
stethascope
If you buy a stethescope make sure it is a littmanns (littmanns classic 2 is awesome, he's not going to need a specialist one for years! And even if he doesn't know how to use it he soon will and they are great fun to practice with- think role playing)! A palm pilot if you have more money, a holiday before his study starts. A good pair of comfy shoes! A good watch with a seconds hand. Some shirts and ties. A nice pen- black ink. Hope this helps.
genu recurvatum?
can someone explain to me what this is ,and does it relate to central nervous system
Answer:
Genu recurvatum refers to a knee that is hyperextendable. By itself, it has nothing to do with the central nervous system. However, there are congenital syndromes (for example, Van Haldergem syndrome and spinocerebellar ataxia-dysmorphism syndrome) that are identified by findings such as genu recurvatum and central nervous system defects.
Genu recurvatum is a term used to describe a bowing of the knees or hyperextension of the knee joint with backwardly rounded shin (tibia) bones. It has nothing to do with the CNS. Hope this helps
Answer:
Genu recurvatum refers to a knee that is hyperextendable. By itself, it has nothing to do with the central nervous system. However, there are congenital syndromes (for example, Van Haldergem syndrome and spinocerebellar ataxia-dysmorphism syndrome) that are identified by findings such as genu recurvatum and central nervous system defects.
Genu recurvatum is a term used to describe a bowing of the knees or hyperextension of the knee joint with backwardly rounded shin (tibia) bones. It has nothing to do with the CNS. Hope this helps
genome debate?
i need some helpful website about race-based medicine.
i am argueing that doctors are not being a racist for prescribing different dosage of medicine to different ethnic background.
Answer:
search for the human genome project, you'll find plenty
go 2 www.hi.com
So long as the doctor is evaluating the entire patient, identifying genetic predispositions in prescrbing patterns is no more or less racist than advising fair-skinned patients to get less sun.
There was an extraoridinary study in the journal Science back in 2002, called "Genetic Structure of Human Populations" from Marcus Feldmen's group up at Stanford. This study explicitly addresses your question through the implications of its findings, however it is very advanced. It comes down to the fact that for epidemiological studies aimed at determining who in the population a particular drug works for, self-reported ancestry can be a useful parameter to address.
PS Science is the premier US journal for scholarly research articles in the sciences and one of the top two in the world.
i am argueing that doctors are not being a racist for prescribing different dosage of medicine to different ethnic background.
Answer:
search for the human genome project, you'll find plenty
go 2 www.hi.com
So long as the doctor is evaluating the entire patient, identifying genetic predispositions in prescrbing patterns is no more or less racist than advising fair-skinned patients to get less sun.
There was an extraoridinary study in the journal Science back in 2002, called "Genetic Structure of Human Populations" from Marcus Feldmen's group up at Stanford. This study explicitly addresses your question through the implications of its findings, however it is very advanced. It comes down to the fact that for epidemiological studies aimed at determining who in the population a particular drug works for, self-reported ancestry can be a useful parameter to address.
PS Science is the premier US journal for scholarly research articles in the sciences and one of the top two in the world.
genetics and race ?
is it currently possible that a sample of genetic material from a person could be used to show what the race of the person was with out seeing the person. further more if this is possible could drugs be made or chemicals whatever that would only affect one race. such as a biological aqent that is realesed into the air and then in a crowd of all different people only people of one tribe race would be affected. this could be a cure or it could sadly be a weapon . how far out is this idea ? is this idea something that could now or at one point happen. . do you think anyone else ie some goverment is working on such an idea. please feel free to
tell me what you know and think about all of this . thank you .
Answer:
Given a large enough database of genetic markers, it seems likely that you could guess the race of an individual from their genetic code.As to a drug ONLY effecting one race, that seems much too advanced for what modern medicine is able to do. There ARE drugs that work better in one race, like BiDil works better in black populations that white populations. Given that we all share nearly all the same genetic material, it seems that to create a drug that only effects a single race, you'd need to find some way in which a given race has a different structure that all other races (and even though diseases like sickle-cell anemia are more common among black populations, the 'defective' blood cell is hardly present in all black people (remember this blood cell is only defective now that some blacks are not living in tropical areas where malaria is rampant)).
Yes Genetic material can be used to trace raceYes certain medicences already work for certain races and not others or not as well for othersYes already this has been used in warfare
not DNA -- but mitochondrial DNA can tell who your mother and mother's mother is... this can help to pin-point where your ancestors came from.shocking to some people that we are not all that different one race to another when you look deep into the cells.
hi from the human genome project its found out that human has 30-35,000 genes from which we have to find out the function of each and every gene if its done then the human population can be an healthy one without any congenital deformities,less mortality rate and a greater life expectancy.
well we can also find out our ancestors,the ethnic groups from which we are here today.who knows man we may even find out who is the decendant of genghis khan or hitler one day.
hope it happens in the near future.
Yes it is possible to determine race via DNA. If I am not mistaken, there are already drugs that affect different races better than others, but I don't know about any drugs affecting ONLY a particular race. There are diseases that are race specific, or at least predominately race specific (sickle-cell anemia in Africans/African-Americans).
tell me what you know and think about all of this . thank you .
Answer:
Given a large enough database of genetic markers, it seems likely that you could guess the race of an individual from their genetic code.As to a drug ONLY effecting one race, that seems much too advanced for what modern medicine is able to do. There ARE drugs that work better in one race, like BiDil works better in black populations that white populations. Given that we all share nearly all the same genetic material, it seems that to create a drug that only effects a single race, you'd need to find some way in which a given race has a different structure that all other races (and even though diseases like sickle-cell anemia are more common among black populations, the 'defective' blood cell is hardly present in all black people (remember this blood cell is only defective now that some blacks are not living in tropical areas where malaria is rampant)).
Yes Genetic material can be used to trace raceYes certain medicences already work for certain races and not others or not as well for othersYes already this has been used in warfare
not DNA -- but mitochondrial DNA can tell who your mother and mother's mother is... this can help to pin-point where your ancestors came from.shocking to some people that we are not all that different one race to another when you look deep into the cells.
hi from the human genome project its found out that human has 30-35,000 genes from which we have to find out the function of each and every gene if its done then the human population can be an healthy one without any congenital deformities,less mortality rate and a greater life expectancy.
well we can also find out our ancestors,the ethnic groups from which we are here today.who knows man we may even find out who is the decendant of genghis khan or hitler one day.
hope it happens in the near future.
Yes it is possible to determine race via DNA. If I am not mistaken, there are already drugs that affect different races better than others, but I don't know about any drugs affecting ONLY a particular race. There are diseases that are race specific, or at least predominately race specific (sickle-cell anemia in Africans/African-Americans).
Genetically Modified Food?
Hey, I'm researching for an oral I have to give soon, and am wanting a "shock" opening, or interesting start, to engage my audience.Thankyou so much for your assistance!
Answer:
Genetically modified food is chemically modified,environmentally modified and commercially modified. In the USA regulation of a genetically modified food is determined by the objective characteristics of the food and the intended use of the food, irrespective of the way it was developed. FDA policy states that a formal pre-market review by the FDA is to be taken when the objective characteristics of any substance added to the food raises issues of safety.Prior to marketing a new GM food product, manufacturers are required to submit documentation to the FDA to demonstrate its safety and then await approval before selling it to consumers.Critics of GM food believe this regulatory model fails to sufficiently protect consumers and claim that the FDA is subject to pressure and influence by industry. One concern voiced is that a novel crop may have unintended changes created during the insertion of new genetic material. On the other hand, plant scientists, backed by results of modern comprehensive profiling of crop composition, point out that crops modified using GM techniques are less likely to have unintended changes than are conventionally bred crops.Genetically modified food can be engineered to perfect safety by ethical codes.
How's this for Shocking, I don't Think it is Terribly Dangerous, Whereas I Think Ionizing Radiation Might Well Be.
Answer:
Genetically modified food is chemically modified,environmentally modified and commercially modified. In the USA regulation of a genetically modified food is determined by the objective characteristics of the food and the intended use of the food, irrespective of the way it was developed. FDA policy states that a formal pre-market review by the FDA is to be taken when the objective characteristics of any substance added to the food raises issues of safety.Prior to marketing a new GM food product, manufacturers are required to submit documentation to the FDA to demonstrate its safety and then await approval before selling it to consumers.Critics of GM food believe this regulatory model fails to sufficiently protect consumers and claim that the FDA is subject to pressure and influence by industry. One concern voiced is that a novel crop may have unintended changes created during the insertion of new genetic material. On the other hand, plant scientists, backed by results of modern comprehensive profiling of crop composition, point out that crops modified using GM techniques are less likely to have unintended changes than are conventionally bred crops.Genetically modified food can be engineered to perfect safety by ethical codes.
How's this for Shocking, I don't Think it is Terribly Dangerous, Whereas I Think Ionizing Radiation Might Well Be.
genetic manipulation?
can we alter our genetics to look different with currant medical technology
Answer:
yes u can. This may because of mutation of certain genes expression.
we can't fully modify our gene here after (after birth).
But we can modify our next generations gene before birth. Manipulation of embriyo is the best way.
i thinkk we can. i believe soon parents will be able to choose what they most prefer on their child
I know that's something scientists are working on but I don't think they're quite there yet. I think it would be used on unborn baby with genetics defects though, not some couple who wants their baby to have blond hair and blue eyes etc
I think we are pretty much there scientifically however we are not able to do it yet.too many ethics arguements regarding it right now
current technologies allow you to alter some characteristics (eye colour...) but to really mess up your genetical programing, you need DNA protein (the "language" used by your DNA to reproduce).
Now this not supposed to happen, nature prevents it in most cases (except some insects...).
But I guess that within a few years, we will be able to tell DNA what we want it to do even after the subject has reached maturity, allowing you to grow wings, if you want to.
Answer:
yes u can. This may because of mutation of certain genes expression.
we can't fully modify our gene here after (after birth).
But we can modify our next generations gene before birth. Manipulation of embriyo is the best way.
i thinkk we can. i believe soon parents will be able to choose what they most prefer on their child
I know that's something scientists are working on but I don't think they're quite there yet. I think it would be used on unborn baby with genetics defects though, not some couple who wants their baby to have blond hair and blue eyes etc
I think we are pretty much there scientifically however we are not able to do it yet.too many ethics arguements regarding it right now
current technologies allow you to alter some characteristics (eye colour...) but to really mess up your genetical programing, you need DNA protein (the "language" used by your DNA to reproduce).
Now this not supposed to happen, nature prevents it in most cases (except some insects...).
But I guess that within a few years, we will be able to tell DNA what we want it to do even after the subject has reached maturity, allowing you to grow wings, if you want to.
Generic Prozac Work ?
Does generic prozac work as well as the brand name? Please post good %26 bad experiences with it. I have done reseach online %26 all I find is ppl having bad experiences with generic Prozac? I am switching from Effexor XR to Generic Prozac for insurance reasons. Please Post all experiences. Thanks :)
Answer:
I agree with the above answers. I took generic Prozac for 4 years and had no side effects that I could notice. But after 4 years it stopped working for me so I was switched to a similar antidepressant.
Generic drugs are the exact same chemicals as the brand name - the only difference is the brand name. Pharm. companies get something like 2-3 years of exclusive control over the drug (in the USA). During this time they do their advertising blitz to burn the brand name into your mind.After this time is up, other companies are allowed to manufacture and sell the exact same drug under a different name. By this time, however, everyone associates the drug with the brand, so people worry about generics not being the same.If people are having a bad experience, it might be a bad batch, something bad that would happen with any brand of the drug, or a negative association with the non-brand name.My wife took a generic version, and she had no problems whatsoever.
Generic Prozac will work the exact same as brand-name Prozac. However, while Effexor and Prozac have a lot of similarities, they are the same class of meds, they are also different so Generic Prozac will be different from Effexor. You won't know if it works as well as Effexor for you until you give it a try. Generics are just as safe as brandnames and go through the exact same regulations, quality control etc.
For some people prozac does not work as well as Effexor XR. Generics should work the same as the name brand, but you're talking about switching to a whole different medication. I know I was on prozac for about 4 years %26 my system became immune to it so now I'm on Effexor XR since 2003 %26 it works great for depression %26 anxiety. Talk with your Doc about some help with the cost or another alternative.
Answer:
I agree with the above answers. I took generic Prozac for 4 years and had no side effects that I could notice. But after 4 years it stopped working for me so I was switched to a similar antidepressant.
Generic drugs are the exact same chemicals as the brand name - the only difference is the brand name. Pharm. companies get something like 2-3 years of exclusive control over the drug (in the USA). During this time they do their advertising blitz to burn the brand name into your mind.After this time is up, other companies are allowed to manufacture and sell the exact same drug under a different name. By this time, however, everyone associates the drug with the brand, so people worry about generics not being the same.If people are having a bad experience, it might be a bad batch, something bad that would happen with any brand of the drug, or a negative association with the non-brand name.My wife took a generic version, and she had no problems whatsoever.
Generic Prozac will work the exact same as brand-name Prozac. However, while Effexor and Prozac have a lot of similarities, they are the same class of meds, they are also different so Generic Prozac will be different from Effexor. You won't know if it works as well as Effexor for you until you give it a try. Generics are just as safe as brandnames and go through the exact same regulations, quality control etc.
For some people prozac does not work as well as Effexor XR. Generics should work the same as the name brand, but you're talking about switching to a whole different medication. I know I was on prozac for about 4 years %26 my system became immune to it so now I'm on Effexor XR since 2003 %26 it works great for depression %26 anxiety. Talk with your Doc about some help with the cost or another alternative.
generic for Diovan hct?
Answer:
Diovan HCT has two ingredients: valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide.
Hydrochlorothiazide is available as generic; valsartan is not. In fact, no drug from the angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs, the group to which valsartan belongs) is currently available as generic. However, there are several medications that are similar to (but not the same as) valsartan that are available as generic: enalapril, lisinopril, captopril - from the ACEI (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) group.
Diovan HCT is Diovan combined with hydrochlorothiazide. You might try Hyzaar, which is Cozaar combined with hydrochlorothiazide. They're both ARBs (angiotensin-II receptor blockers).
generally, how long does food stay in the stomach?
how long does food take to digest?
Answer:
based on available evidence, solid foods with high fat content (like bacon and eggs) would take 8 hours to clear. clear liquids like water would take 4 hours to pass thru.however, it should be pointed out that these numbers are NOT based on good studies. do you remember that story about general beaumont? he was a civil war doctor who was able to study digestion because he had a patient that survived an exposed abdominal wound which allowed him to look directly into the patient's stomach. well, these numbers are based on that one patient! but again, those are the only estimates available to us currently.
about 8 hours
69 days
food stays i the stomache for about 3 hours, The food then moves into a tube called the small intestine then the large intestine. Food takes 10 to 20 hours to pass through the body.
this is a fact
i was taught at skl that it takes 24hrs to get out of ur system- but how comes after a big meal we hav to poo.
tis very weird
i wud say myself that it takes about 12hrs.
depends on the food-----some foods that are in a liquid state,go through very fast because they don't have to be broken down as much.Also when you have a barium series on an empty stomach,the barium wiill leave the stomach within 1-2 minutes.
3 to 3 hrs in stomach
6 to 8 hrs for digestion.
it stays in the stomach for 2 hours and then in the intestine for another 2 hours. the undigested food goes to the large intestine and the digested food goes to whole body through blood.
Carbhydrates and proteins about 1 1/2 -2 hrs. Fats 2 hrs.
All food processes through the stomach at the same approximate rate, 1.2 liters per hour. It does not matter whether it is liquid or solid, protien or carb. The stomach does not actually digest the food, that is done in the small intestine. The stomach merely finishes the job that your mouth starts, mashing the food into a digestible paste.
I Used to Use a Rule of Thumb of About 1 Hour for an Orally Administered Med. to Start to Have Effect, As Far as Stomach Emptying is Concerned, It Depends On the Food, but Greater than 1 Hour.
the gastric emptying time is 6-8 hours
Some simple things (water and alcohol, for instance) are absorbed quite rapidly. A high-fat meal may churn around in your stomach for 3 or 4 hours before transiting to the duodenum. Total transit time from stem to stern is quite variable, but averages 3-5 days.
Answer:
based on available evidence, solid foods with high fat content (like bacon and eggs) would take 8 hours to clear. clear liquids like water would take 4 hours to pass thru.however, it should be pointed out that these numbers are NOT based on good studies. do you remember that story about general beaumont? he was a civil war doctor who was able to study digestion because he had a patient that survived an exposed abdominal wound which allowed him to look directly into the patient's stomach. well, these numbers are based on that one patient! but again, those are the only estimates available to us currently.
about 8 hours
69 days
food stays i the stomache for about 3 hours, The food then moves into a tube called the small intestine then the large intestine. Food takes 10 to 20 hours to pass through the body.
this is a fact
i was taught at skl that it takes 24hrs to get out of ur system- but how comes after a big meal we hav to poo.
tis very weird
i wud say myself that it takes about 12hrs.
depends on the food-----some foods that are in a liquid state,go through very fast because they don't have to be broken down as much.Also when you have a barium series on an empty stomach,the barium wiill leave the stomach within 1-2 minutes.
3 to 3 hrs in stomach
6 to 8 hrs for digestion.
it stays in the stomach for 2 hours and then in the intestine for another 2 hours. the undigested food goes to the large intestine and the digested food goes to whole body through blood.
Carbhydrates and proteins about 1 1/2 -2 hrs. Fats 2 hrs.
All food processes through the stomach at the same approximate rate, 1.2 liters per hour. It does not matter whether it is liquid or solid, protien or carb. The stomach does not actually digest the food, that is done in the small intestine. The stomach merely finishes the job that your mouth starts, mashing the food into a digestible paste.
I Used to Use a Rule of Thumb of About 1 Hour for an Orally Administered Med. to Start to Have Effect, As Far as Stomach Emptying is Concerned, It Depends On the Food, but Greater than 1 Hour.
the gastric emptying time is 6-8 hours
Some simple things (water and alcohol, for instance) are absorbed quite rapidly. A high-fat meal may churn around in your stomach for 3 or 4 hours before transiting to the duodenum. Total transit time from stem to stern is quite variable, but averages 3-5 days.
Generally, how dangerous is open heart surgery?
On average what are the real risks and survival risks of having your heart operated on?i have a friend being operated on soon. I dont know the details, but i know it's somewhat major.So i a was just wonderingthankslet me put it this way:she is 16 and pretty small. only about 5'1".
I forgot what exactly is wrong, but it has to do with her heart.
Answer:
It all depends that what kind of disese she is suffering from, what kind of operations is planned , the expertise of the operating surgeon and the results of that particular center where the surgery is being performed
But since she has been adivised cardiac surgery this meansthat other options are either not working or exhausted so go for it
And meeting and interacting with some body who underwent this procedure will clarify your queries
There are too many variables to tell you a straight out answer. Cardiac surgery is one of the roughest surgeries on the body, but it has continued to improve in its safety and efficacy. They have also made improvements in the recovery time of the patients.First you need to know what kind of surgery she is having. Is it valvular replacement? If so, why does the valve need replacing? Does she need a transplant? In very rare cases, some children could require by-pass surgery. Does she require surgery on the major blood vessels going into or out of her heart? Is this to correct a patent foramen ovale or ventricular septal defect?How severe is the disease?Does she have any other medical conditions? Diabetes? Neurological diseases? Collagen-vascular disorders?In general any procedure that requires bypass (stopping the heart, diverting the blood to a heart-lung machine, then returning the blood) carries a higher risk, and longer recovery.
Other factors include the experience of the surgeon with this procedure. Also the volume or number of times this surgery is performed at that institution has a big effect. (The larger the center with more procedure equals better outcome).Since you have insufficient information, it would be best for her to speak directly with her surgeon to determine the exact disease, the exact operation, and their estimate of the risk.
remember the story about the man who shot the apple off of his son's head?yeah
I have had bypass surgery and they have to stop your heart. The patiant is put on a heart/lung machine. Because the heart is under the sternum they have to cut it to get to the heart.
Though some surgeries/procedures are not as serious as others there are always chances of problems.
Best of luck to your friend. I hope she does well.
Obviously, it depends on the condition and the health of the patient, but for more routine procedures the risk of death in young people I would make a very rough estimate of around 1% (e.g. myectomy). For severe conditions it may be quite high, I would need more information to give a good answer.
Open heart surgery is ALWAYS considered MAJOR!! However, it does vary depending on your health in general.
I forgot what exactly is wrong, but it has to do with her heart.
Answer:
It all depends that what kind of disese she is suffering from, what kind of operations is planned , the expertise of the operating surgeon and the results of that particular center where the surgery is being performed
But since she has been adivised cardiac surgery this meansthat other options are either not working or exhausted so go for it
And meeting and interacting with some body who underwent this procedure will clarify your queries
There are too many variables to tell you a straight out answer. Cardiac surgery is one of the roughest surgeries on the body, but it has continued to improve in its safety and efficacy. They have also made improvements in the recovery time of the patients.First you need to know what kind of surgery she is having. Is it valvular replacement? If so, why does the valve need replacing? Does she need a transplant? In very rare cases, some children could require by-pass surgery. Does she require surgery on the major blood vessels going into or out of her heart? Is this to correct a patent foramen ovale or ventricular septal defect?How severe is the disease?Does she have any other medical conditions? Diabetes? Neurological diseases? Collagen-vascular disorders?In general any procedure that requires bypass (stopping the heart, diverting the blood to a heart-lung machine, then returning the blood) carries a higher risk, and longer recovery.
Other factors include the experience of the surgeon with this procedure. Also the volume or number of times this surgery is performed at that institution has a big effect. (The larger the center with more procedure equals better outcome).Since you have insufficient information, it would be best for her to speak directly with her surgeon to determine the exact disease, the exact operation, and their estimate of the risk.
remember the story about the man who shot the apple off of his son's head?yeah
I have had bypass surgery and they have to stop your heart. The patiant is put on a heart/lung machine. Because the heart is under the sternum they have to cut it to get to the heart.
Though some surgeries/procedures are not as serious as others there are always chances of problems.
Best of luck to your friend. I hope she does well.
Obviously, it depends on the condition and the health of the patient, but for more routine procedures the risk of death in young people I would make a very rough estimate of around 1% (e.g. myectomy). For severe conditions it may be quite high, I would need more information to give a good answer.
Open heart surgery is ALWAYS considered MAJOR!! However, it does vary depending on your health in general.
general anaesthetic?
Going in for surgery in a couple of weeks. Having gallbladder removed under general anaesthesia. I am not afraid at all of the surgery or the recovery, however, the last time I had surgery I awoke during the procedure and was completely terrified! I have since found out that Novocain does not work on me at all, where as Marcaine does. I know different drug families work in different ways, but which ones will work on me? Does anybody know what I should do? How do I make sure the anaesthetist understand this before surgery. I don't want to wake up again, it was the worst thing I have ever gone through!
Answer:
if you received local anesthetic (such as novocaine or marcaine), then you probably didn't receive a general anesthetic. you would have received IV sedation, and you fell asleep because the sedative made you sleepy, but that sleep is NOT the same as the sleep that would be induced with a general anesthetic. a general anesthetic is a state of unarousable sleep. the plane of sleep achieved by the sedation is a state of arousable sleep- meaning that loud noises might wake you up. in your case,it's likely that you were aroused from your sleep because the novocaine failed to keep you completely comfortable and the pain woke you up.definitely tell your anesthesiologist about that previous experience, but i can tell you right now that you need not be worried that it's going to happen again for this surgery. again, the type of anesthesia you will be receiving is totally different. also let your surgeon know that the marcaine worked better than the novocaine- surgeons frequently inject local anesthetics into the incisions to decrease post-op pain.
Anasthesiologists are specialized in finding just the right amount of paralytic and numbing drugs to keep patients asleep and not feeling a thing. Ask if you can speak to your anasthesiologist beforehand, and let him know what happened before, and what drugs do not work for you. This is most likely not going to happen again.
Good luck and get well!
Novocaine, marcaine, benzocaine, lidocaine, cocaine, and all of those other -caine drugs are local anesthetics, not general. Just make sure you tell the anesthesiologist any and all prescription drugs you are taking, because this may influence how much of the drug he needs to give you.
wow! * the same thing happened to my sister * the best thing i can tell you is to look it up on the internet and see which is best for you * my mom had to do the same thing for my sister because she had two knee surgerys and shes only 16 * when she woke up during the first surgery she was screaming and crying untill the rushed and gave her more sleeping stuff * good luck!
If, in fact, you woke up under general anesthesia, I would make sure that you take a copy of your operative records (including the anesthesia record) from that surgery with you when you meet with your anesthesia provider. (S)he can then review those records and avoid whatever medication didn't work well with you. I strongly suspect, however, that you were not under a general anesthesia when you woke up. You may have simply been sedated.
talk to your anesthesiologist about your previous experience...If you were under general the last time.. they will probably come up with a different plan..I have also had my gallbladder out...Did not wake during surgery.. and recovery was quick..
Good luck
Make sure you EMPHASISE the fact that you have woken up during surgury before and you are terrified it will happen again, have them go thru your medical records to see exactly what you were put under with at that time and what the circumstances were then so that it can be avoided this time around, anxiety about it won't help you either although it is totally understandable. As with all surguries you should have consults before the actual procedure with the vairious members of the team, the anethesesiologist included, just keep repeating the fact that you have woken up during surgury before and you want to be assured they take the proper precautions to prevent it this time.
Answer:
if you received local anesthetic (such as novocaine or marcaine), then you probably didn't receive a general anesthetic. you would have received IV sedation, and you fell asleep because the sedative made you sleepy, but that sleep is NOT the same as the sleep that would be induced with a general anesthetic. a general anesthetic is a state of unarousable sleep. the plane of sleep achieved by the sedation is a state of arousable sleep- meaning that loud noises might wake you up. in your case,it's likely that you were aroused from your sleep because the novocaine failed to keep you completely comfortable and the pain woke you up.definitely tell your anesthesiologist about that previous experience, but i can tell you right now that you need not be worried that it's going to happen again for this surgery. again, the type of anesthesia you will be receiving is totally different. also let your surgeon know that the marcaine worked better than the novocaine- surgeons frequently inject local anesthetics into the incisions to decrease post-op pain.
Anasthesiologists are specialized in finding just the right amount of paralytic and numbing drugs to keep patients asleep and not feeling a thing. Ask if you can speak to your anasthesiologist beforehand, and let him know what happened before, and what drugs do not work for you. This is most likely not going to happen again.
Good luck and get well!
Novocaine, marcaine, benzocaine, lidocaine, cocaine, and all of those other -caine drugs are local anesthetics, not general. Just make sure you tell the anesthesiologist any and all prescription drugs you are taking, because this may influence how much of the drug he needs to give you.
wow! * the same thing happened to my sister * the best thing i can tell you is to look it up on the internet and see which is best for you * my mom had to do the same thing for my sister because she had two knee surgerys and shes only 16 * when she woke up during the first surgery she was screaming and crying untill the rushed and gave her more sleeping stuff * good luck!
If, in fact, you woke up under general anesthesia, I would make sure that you take a copy of your operative records (including the anesthesia record) from that surgery with you when you meet with your anesthesia provider. (S)he can then review those records and avoid whatever medication didn't work well with you. I strongly suspect, however, that you were not under a general anesthesia when you woke up. You may have simply been sedated.
talk to your anesthesiologist about your previous experience...If you were under general the last time.. they will probably come up with a different plan..I have also had my gallbladder out...Did not wake during surgery.. and recovery was quick..
Good luck
Make sure you EMPHASISE the fact that you have woken up during surgury before and you are terrified it will happen again, have them go thru your medical records to see exactly what you were put under with at that time and what the circumstances were then so that it can be avoided this time around, anxiety about it won't help you either although it is totally understandable. As with all surguries you should have consults before the actual procedure with the vairious members of the team, the anethesesiologist included, just keep repeating the fact that you have woken up during surgury before and you want to be assured they take the proper precautions to prevent it this time.
gene therapy. for genetic based problems?
once a chormasone that is the cause of the problem is found
regardless of the problem could be anything i am just interested in dyslexia myself . Does the identification of the chormasone mean that at some point in the not too distant future some sort of gentic treatment could cure the person ?
Also does the treatment if currently used for anything mean the person must be a child or a baby in the womb or could an adult get the same benifits from such a treatment.?
next how far off would you say this all is if it even seems possible now.?
I am interested in the hole thing all the possible things that could be treated but if you know about dyslexia as it relates to this please tell me about that too .
thank you very much .
Answer:
The trouble is that gene therapy doesn't last. Gene therapy is basically removing, correcting and replacing genes, then reinserting the corrected cells into the patient. The effects are temporary until new cells with the same original problem are produced.Gene therapy has been successful at treating some types of disorders such as melanoma where the chromosome mutations are limited to one particular gene (for melanoma, they create super T cells that fight and defeat the cancer). Dislexia would be one of those conditions that involves multiple mutations in multiple genes - an unlucky combination. Science is a long ways from gene therapies on multiple genes and a long ways away from overcoming the temporary nature of gene therapy. It basically works until the inserted cells die off.
If scientists could find the gene responsible for dyslexia, then it would be a candidate for gene therapy treatment. The way gene therapy works is by taking out the old "bad" gene and replacing it with a new gene on the DNA in the chromosome. The way the genetic material is inserted is by something called a vector. One of the most promising vectors for future use is a viral vector. This is because viruses are already programmed to insert genetic information into a cells DNA for its own use. Of course, scientists need to replace the viral DNA with the new beneficial DNA.Gene therapy has been successfully used to treat adult patients. In theory every genetic disorder can be treated. In reality, that task would involve finding every single gene for the genetic disorders and finding a safe, reliable way to insert new genetic material into the patients genome. Also, some diseases, like dyslexia, are thought to only be partially genetically based. It's possible that even if the gene were changed, the patient would still have the disorder due to their environmental influences.
regardless of the problem could be anything i am just interested in dyslexia myself . Does the identification of the chormasone mean that at some point in the not too distant future some sort of gentic treatment could cure the person ?
Also does the treatment if currently used for anything mean the person must be a child or a baby in the womb or could an adult get the same benifits from such a treatment.?
next how far off would you say this all is if it even seems possible now.?
I am interested in the hole thing all the possible things that could be treated but if you know about dyslexia as it relates to this please tell me about that too .
thank you very much .
Answer:
The trouble is that gene therapy doesn't last. Gene therapy is basically removing, correcting and replacing genes, then reinserting the corrected cells into the patient. The effects are temporary until new cells with the same original problem are produced.Gene therapy has been successful at treating some types of disorders such as melanoma where the chromosome mutations are limited to one particular gene (for melanoma, they create super T cells that fight and defeat the cancer). Dislexia would be one of those conditions that involves multiple mutations in multiple genes - an unlucky combination. Science is a long ways from gene therapies on multiple genes and a long ways away from overcoming the temporary nature of gene therapy. It basically works until the inserted cells die off.
If scientists could find the gene responsible for dyslexia, then it would be a candidate for gene therapy treatment. The way gene therapy works is by taking out the old "bad" gene and replacing it with a new gene on the DNA in the chromosome. The way the genetic material is inserted is by something called a vector. One of the most promising vectors for future use is a viral vector. This is because viruses are already programmed to insert genetic information into a cells DNA for its own use. Of course, scientists need to replace the viral DNA with the new beneficial DNA.Gene therapy has been successfully used to treat adult patients. In theory every genetic disorder can be treated. In reality, that task would involve finding every single gene for the genetic disorders and finding a safe, reliable way to insert new genetic material into the patients genome. Also, some diseases, like dyslexia, are thought to only be partially genetically based. It's possible that even if the gene were changed, the patient would still have the disorder due to their environmental influences.
gene therapy -- becoming a gene therapist?
so as a freshman in high school i am taking sophmore bio and we are in gntics and ive become interested in gene therapy and want to become a gene therapy any websites that will help me or what classes i should take in college? and what schools are good to look in to?
Answer:
A good idea is get a solid footing in college. Once there, you might want to take biochemistry or molecular biology as a major. Do well, and you have 2 choices...well 3 I guess.
1. Apply to medical school as a MD/PhD candidate
2. Apple to medical school and become an MD
3. Apple to graduate school and get a PhD, and work with MDs doing researchGood luck!
I knew someone in college who wanted to be a genetic counselor, and she majored in genetics and psychology.
Answer:
A good idea is get a solid footing in college. Once there, you might want to take biochemistry or molecular biology as a major. Do well, and you have 2 choices...well 3 I guess.
1. Apply to medical school as a MD/PhD candidate
2. Apple to medical school and become an MD
3. Apple to graduate school and get a PhD, and work with MDs doing researchGood luck!
I knew someone in college who wanted to be a genetic counselor, and she majored in genetics and psychology.
gallbladder surgery?
what to know about gallbladder surgery and if anyone had it before and any helpfull info thank you
Answer:
When you have your gallbladder removed your body is going to change the way it digests food. Here is some information for you that I wish I had been given to me. Luckily for you I have done it for you and here is my story:I had my gallbladder removed and all my food went right through me. The reason this happens is that your liver produces bile (a green liquid substance that helps your body to digest fats). Once the liver produces the bile, it stores it in the gallbladder. When you eat a meal with fat in it, the gallbladder squirts out as much bile as your body needs to digest the fat from that meal. Your liver still produces bile regardless that you have had your gallbladder removed, however now it has no where to store the bile that it is producing. So what happens is, once the liver produces the bile it goes straight to your lower intestine and sits there in a pool. Once you eat a meal, it hits the pool of bile (which is more bile than is necessary to digest that meal) and you have diarhea.Being the research queen that I am, and doctors being as useless as they are (because no doctor was willing to acknowlege this problem or offer me advice, even though EVERYBODY I have ever talked to that has had their gallbladder out has had this problem), I have found the antidote.You must take Calcium suppliments every day. I find that the calcium carbonate works better than calcium citrate (although I have heard the exact opposite, you have to find what works for you). Calcium once digested becomes like a powdery chalk which absorbs the excess bile sitting in your lower intestine. If you do this, you will never go through this again. I take two 600 mg tablets every morning and this works for me. You have to play with the dosage for yourself to see what works. If you take too much calcium you will become constipated, so once you find your dosage stick with it. I was very happy to come upon this question and that I was able to help you. I promise you that this works. Good luck!P.S. They sell a very large bottle of calcium carbonate at Walmart and it lasts me a long time :)
LIke any other surgery cholecystectomy has its risk especially if you've been quite ill because the duct is blocked; so really it all depends. The surgery can also be done with a laparoscope... which is less traumatic to you, requires less down time, and is overall much more affordable than an open-the-gut procedure. However, depending on size of gall stones (if you have them) this may not be an option.
It also helps to reduce the amount of fat in your diet.
Okay... I want to be very careful here.I was diagnosed with gall stones and scheduled for surgery.
While I waited, I read about the gall bladder, it's functions, and gall stones on the Internet.
Gall stones are not stones at all. They are a rubbery and made of bile salts and cholesterol. They can block the flow of bile in the duct. It can be very painful Bile is used to digest fats so eating fatty or oily foods can be a terrible experience. While I read about gall stones, I discovered a natural "Gall Bladder and Liver" flush procedure on the Internet. A regular search will locate it still.
Since I was having surgery anyhow, I decided to try it. My thoughts were that I had nothing to lose but a few dollars.There are several procedures to choose from on the Internet.
I chose the most radical and longest. I fasted for 24 hours and went through the procedure at home alone. It involves olive oil and fresh lemon juice after taking a solution of Epsom salt to dilate the bile duct. There are also certain foods you can eat to help soften the gall stones before the procedure. Natural organic apple juice or cider is one because of the malic acid. I won't explain the procedure here. You'll need to read about it yourself. My procedure lasted several hours followed by a night of sleep. You'll need to stay home the next day.In the end, the results were as promised. I was a little soar for a few days but a week later, all the symptoms I experienced disappeared completely. I felt great, had more energy than I had for many years and even lost weight quickly. I never had the surgery so I still have my gall bladder. About every 2 years I repeat the procedure when I begin to experience symptoms. It continues to work. You can do a search for "gall bladder liver flush" to find it..
It's become a more simple procedure than ever to perform these days. I had my gallbladder removed three years ago and have only four small scars on my abdomen and left the hospital the next day. There are two test they perform, possibly three. First they may try ultra-sound to look for gallstones in the area. The next test will be to light up the area with a radioactive isotope they put in your bloodstream. This takes a while but what happens is that they try to see a complete image from your liver, to your gallbladder, to your small intestines. If everything doesn't light up you then you have blockage and they address the surgery from that perspective.In my case I was ok until the final hormone test. This is a test where there force the gallbladder to contract with a hormone and get the output of of your response in terms of pain level and the output production of bile from the organ. The glabladder is used mostly to produce bile to digest meat. It's not a critical organ to have. I even have a normal diet today but I have to remember that digestion of meats takes longer so I need to just pay attention to that aspect of it. In my case my bile output was at 7%. I had never had surgery in my life so while I was nervous but pretty sedated with drugs I really had no choice but to have the organ removed with laproscopic surgery. It's very simple and takes about and hour to perform. You have to be under for the process because they inflate the abdomen with CO2 and there are a couple of instruments they go in with to do the extraction - a camera, a light, a cutting tool, and the extraction tool. The gallbladder is taken out of an incision from inside your belly button. Then they put a titanium clip between your liver and small intestines to connnet them together and the organ is gone.You start to feel gallbladder pain at 35% or lower bile production or from gallstones. My became severe at 7% in the middle of the night so I didn't have many options. I woke up the family and I ended up in the emrgency room. You have to be under for the procedure only because they inflate your abdomen to get the tools in there which is a great deal of discomfort from what I heard. Otherwise it could be a local process if the inflation process wasn't so discomfortable. If for any reason you think you're experiencing the pain in that upper right abdomen area below your ribs go get it checked out. There's no reason to live with it. I was in severe pain and my gallbladder went into failure. If you're getting close organ failure or your have blockage from gallstones just take care of it. It's become a really common surgery these days and you'll be back on your feet the next day. It use to be far more complicated but the wonders on laproscopic surgery have been a tribute to moder medicine. Take it from someone that's honestly been there and done that ;-)Brian'Temet Nosce'
Gall stones (cholelithiasis) are common. Broadly speaking they are split into two broad types: pigment stones or cholesterol stones. Each has subtle differences in their causation but the consequences are generally the same.Your gall bladder is simply a diverticulum, or extra store house if you like, appended to the biliary tree. The biliary tree itself is a duct system which drains bile (a breakdown product of red blood cells and sterol metabolism), produced in the liver, to the duodenum (first part of the small bowel). Bile helps you digest fatty foods and secretion is stimulated by ingestion of fat by several mechanisms, particularly secretion of cholecystokinin (a hormone stimulating gall bladder contraction). The biliary system is fundamental to survival but the gall bladder itself is completely dispensible.Most gall stones form in the gall bladder, where bile is stored and concentrated. Simply being there, there cause no problems per se. The problems occur when the stones either block bile drainage or when the gall bladder contracts against the stones (like holding a fistful of rocks and not being able to relax your grip). Problems which result therefore are: pain (biliary colic), infection (secondary to stagnation of bile drainage, aka cholcystitis; or in severe cases ascending the biliary tree leading to cholangiitis, which can be fatal), jaundice (if a stone block bile drainage, it collects in the blood stream causing yellow discolouration of the skin and biochemical problems which resul from hyperbilirubinaemia), pancreatitis (if a stone blocks drainage of the pancreas, which shares a common duct with the gall bladder) and rarely, gall stone ileus (when recurrent cholecystitis causes erosion of the gall bladder through the wall of the duodenum, allowing large stones into the small bowel where they block the ileocaecal valve and result in small bowel obstruction).Hence, most people with gall stones are advised to have their gall bladder removed since medical treatments have generally failed to cause stones to "dissolve" and lithotripsy (ultrasound shock waves used to shatter renal stones) just fragments stones increasing risks of pancreatitis, infection and jaundice as small stones are more likely to escape from the gall bladder and cause these problems.Most cases are done by key hole surgery (laparoscopic cholecystectomy), which is largely done these days as a day case procedure, or with simply an overnight stay in hospital. This is not always possible, either for anatomical reasons or depending on the exact nature of the gall stones complications as described above. In these cases, conversion to the open operation is necessary (making a large cut about 3 to 4 inches long beneath the right lower ribs on the front of the belly).The procedure is generally safe with no long term consequences but, as with all surgery, there are some risks involved. There is always a risk of wound infections and bleeding with any intra-abdominal surgery. Chest infections also can occur, as a result of anaesthesia or as a consequence of pain post-operatively (which can occur if any air remains in the abdomen after the key hole procedure is completed). There is a risk, again inherent with all abdominal surgery, of vein clots (DVTs) causing leg pain and swelling, and of pulmonary emboli (clots in the lung, which although rare, can occassionally prove fatal). Most surgeons will thus give you a blood thinning injection until you are mobile after the operation (a heparin) plus some surgical stockings to wear.Other risks:
Injury of the biliary tree. Much more serious, necessitating some much more major surgery to repair and often causing long term problems but fortunately exceedingly rare when compared with the risks gall stones present if left untreated.
Failure to improve your pain (IF the pain you have has a cause other than gall stones).
Recurrence of gall stones (again rare, but microlithiasis has been occassional reported despite cholecystectomy).
Post-operative collections from bile leaks which may or may not become infected and require surgical drainage (if a clip on the ligated blood duct comes off).
As mentioned already, there is a risk of needing conversion to the open procedure intraoperatively, which may keep you in hospital longer (5 or more days longer than key hole techniques).
Finally, scars can hypertrophy (looking raised and red or unsightly) although thankfully this cosmetic complication is not common and not much of a problem.I hope this is helpful, it is of course only an overview and the details need much discussion with your surgeon. Don't forget, all these risks are rare and must be balanced with the risk of complications from possibly NOT treating the gall stones.
Goodness, I had my cholecystectomy back in 1991, so I'm sure they've made marvelous advances in the way they do this procedure. Probably by some kind of laser. I have a foot long diagonal scar across my belly as a remembrance. Lots of Luck to you!
Answer:
When you have your gallbladder removed your body is going to change the way it digests food. Here is some information for you that I wish I had been given to me. Luckily for you I have done it for you and here is my story:I had my gallbladder removed and all my food went right through me. The reason this happens is that your liver produces bile (a green liquid substance that helps your body to digest fats). Once the liver produces the bile, it stores it in the gallbladder. When you eat a meal with fat in it, the gallbladder squirts out as much bile as your body needs to digest the fat from that meal. Your liver still produces bile regardless that you have had your gallbladder removed, however now it has no where to store the bile that it is producing. So what happens is, once the liver produces the bile it goes straight to your lower intestine and sits there in a pool. Once you eat a meal, it hits the pool of bile (which is more bile than is necessary to digest that meal) and you have diarhea.Being the research queen that I am, and doctors being as useless as they are (because no doctor was willing to acknowlege this problem or offer me advice, even though EVERYBODY I have ever talked to that has had their gallbladder out has had this problem), I have found the antidote.You must take Calcium suppliments every day. I find that the calcium carbonate works better than calcium citrate (although I have heard the exact opposite, you have to find what works for you). Calcium once digested becomes like a powdery chalk which absorbs the excess bile sitting in your lower intestine. If you do this, you will never go through this again. I take two 600 mg tablets every morning and this works for me. You have to play with the dosage for yourself to see what works. If you take too much calcium you will become constipated, so once you find your dosage stick with it. I was very happy to come upon this question and that I was able to help you. I promise you that this works. Good luck!P.S. They sell a very large bottle of calcium carbonate at Walmart and it lasts me a long time :)
LIke any other surgery cholecystectomy has its risk especially if you've been quite ill because the duct is blocked; so really it all depends. The surgery can also be done with a laparoscope... which is less traumatic to you, requires less down time, and is overall much more affordable than an open-the-gut procedure. However, depending on size of gall stones (if you have them) this may not be an option.
It also helps to reduce the amount of fat in your diet.
Okay... I want to be very careful here.I was diagnosed with gall stones and scheduled for surgery.
While I waited, I read about the gall bladder, it's functions, and gall stones on the Internet.
Gall stones are not stones at all. They are a rubbery and made of bile salts and cholesterol. They can block the flow of bile in the duct. It can be very painful Bile is used to digest fats so eating fatty or oily foods can be a terrible experience. While I read about gall stones, I discovered a natural "Gall Bladder and Liver" flush procedure on the Internet. A regular search will locate it still.
Since I was having surgery anyhow, I decided to try it. My thoughts were that I had nothing to lose but a few dollars.There are several procedures to choose from on the Internet.
I chose the most radical and longest. I fasted for 24 hours and went through the procedure at home alone. It involves olive oil and fresh lemon juice after taking a solution of Epsom salt to dilate the bile duct. There are also certain foods you can eat to help soften the gall stones before the procedure. Natural organic apple juice or cider is one because of the malic acid. I won't explain the procedure here. You'll need to read about it yourself. My procedure lasted several hours followed by a night of sleep. You'll need to stay home the next day.In the end, the results were as promised. I was a little soar for a few days but a week later, all the symptoms I experienced disappeared completely. I felt great, had more energy than I had for many years and even lost weight quickly. I never had the surgery so I still have my gall bladder. About every 2 years I repeat the procedure when I begin to experience symptoms. It continues to work. You can do a search for "gall bladder liver flush" to find it..
It's become a more simple procedure than ever to perform these days. I had my gallbladder removed three years ago and have only four small scars on my abdomen and left the hospital the next day. There are two test they perform, possibly three. First they may try ultra-sound to look for gallstones in the area. The next test will be to light up the area with a radioactive isotope they put in your bloodstream. This takes a while but what happens is that they try to see a complete image from your liver, to your gallbladder, to your small intestines. If everything doesn't light up you then you have blockage and they address the surgery from that perspective.In my case I was ok until the final hormone test. This is a test where there force the gallbladder to contract with a hormone and get the output of of your response in terms of pain level and the output production of bile from the organ. The glabladder is used mostly to produce bile to digest meat. It's not a critical organ to have. I even have a normal diet today but I have to remember that digestion of meats takes longer so I need to just pay attention to that aspect of it. In my case my bile output was at 7%. I had never had surgery in my life so while I was nervous but pretty sedated with drugs I really had no choice but to have the organ removed with laproscopic surgery. It's very simple and takes about and hour to perform. You have to be under for the process because they inflate the abdomen with CO2 and there are a couple of instruments they go in with to do the extraction - a camera, a light, a cutting tool, and the extraction tool. The gallbladder is taken out of an incision from inside your belly button. Then they put a titanium clip between your liver and small intestines to connnet them together and the organ is gone.You start to feel gallbladder pain at 35% or lower bile production or from gallstones. My became severe at 7% in the middle of the night so I didn't have many options. I woke up the family and I ended up in the emrgency room. You have to be under for the procedure only because they inflate your abdomen to get the tools in there which is a great deal of discomfort from what I heard. Otherwise it could be a local process if the inflation process wasn't so discomfortable. If for any reason you think you're experiencing the pain in that upper right abdomen area below your ribs go get it checked out. There's no reason to live with it. I was in severe pain and my gallbladder went into failure. If you're getting close organ failure or your have blockage from gallstones just take care of it. It's become a really common surgery these days and you'll be back on your feet the next day. It use to be far more complicated but the wonders on laproscopic surgery have been a tribute to moder medicine. Take it from someone that's honestly been there and done that ;-)Brian'Temet Nosce'
Gall stones (cholelithiasis) are common. Broadly speaking they are split into two broad types: pigment stones or cholesterol stones. Each has subtle differences in their causation but the consequences are generally the same.Your gall bladder is simply a diverticulum, or extra store house if you like, appended to the biliary tree. The biliary tree itself is a duct system which drains bile (a breakdown product of red blood cells and sterol metabolism), produced in the liver, to the duodenum (first part of the small bowel). Bile helps you digest fatty foods and secretion is stimulated by ingestion of fat by several mechanisms, particularly secretion of cholecystokinin (a hormone stimulating gall bladder contraction). The biliary system is fundamental to survival but the gall bladder itself is completely dispensible.Most gall stones form in the gall bladder, where bile is stored and concentrated. Simply being there, there cause no problems per se. The problems occur when the stones either block bile drainage or when the gall bladder contracts against the stones (like holding a fistful of rocks and not being able to relax your grip). Problems which result therefore are: pain (biliary colic), infection (secondary to stagnation of bile drainage, aka cholcystitis; or in severe cases ascending the biliary tree leading to cholangiitis, which can be fatal), jaundice (if a stone block bile drainage, it collects in the blood stream causing yellow discolouration of the skin and biochemical problems which resul from hyperbilirubinaemia), pancreatitis (if a stone blocks drainage of the pancreas, which shares a common duct with the gall bladder) and rarely, gall stone ileus (when recurrent cholecystitis causes erosion of the gall bladder through the wall of the duodenum, allowing large stones into the small bowel where they block the ileocaecal valve and result in small bowel obstruction).Hence, most people with gall stones are advised to have their gall bladder removed since medical treatments have generally failed to cause stones to "dissolve" and lithotripsy (ultrasound shock waves used to shatter renal stones) just fragments stones increasing risks of pancreatitis, infection and jaundice as small stones are more likely to escape from the gall bladder and cause these problems.Most cases are done by key hole surgery (laparoscopic cholecystectomy), which is largely done these days as a day case procedure, or with simply an overnight stay in hospital. This is not always possible, either for anatomical reasons or depending on the exact nature of the gall stones complications as described above. In these cases, conversion to the open operation is necessary (making a large cut about 3 to 4 inches long beneath the right lower ribs on the front of the belly).The procedure is generally safe with no long term consequences but, as with all surgery, there are some risks involved. There is always a risk of wound infections and bleeding with any intra-abdominal surgery. Chest infections also can occur, as a result of anaesthesia or as a consequence of pain post-operatively (which can occur if any air remains in the abdomen after the key hole procedure is completed). There is a risk, again inherent with all abdominal surgery, of vein clots (DVTs) causing leg pain and swelling, and of pulmonary emboli (clots in the lung, which although rare, can occassionally prove fatal). Most surgeons will thus give you a blood thinning injection until you are mobile after the operation (a heparin) plus some surgical stockings to wear.Other risks:
Injury of the biliary tree. Much more serious, necessitating some much more major surgery to repair and often causing long term problems but fortunately exceedingly rare when compared with the risks gall stones present if left untreated.
Failure to improve your pain (IF the pain you have has a cause other than gall stones).
Recurrence of gall stones (again rare, but microlithiasis has been occassional reported despite cholecystectomy).
Post-operative collections from bile leaks which may or may not become infected and require surgical drainage (if a clip on the ligated blood duct comes off).
As mentioned already, there is a risk of needing conversion to the open procedure intraoperatively, which may keep you in hospital longer (5 or more days longer than key hole techniques).
Finally, scars can hypertrophy (looking raised and red or unsightly) although thankfully this cosmetic complication is not common and not much of a problem.I hope this is helpful, it is of course only an overview and the details need much discussion with your surgeon. Don't forget, all these risks are rare and must be balanced with the risk of complications from possibly NOT treating the gall stones.
Goodness, I had my cholecystectomy back in 1991, so I'm sure they've made marvelous advances in the way they do this procedure. Probably by some kind of laser. I have a foot long diagonal scar across my belly as a remembrance. Lots of Luck to you!
Gall Bladder? mystery?
Hey guys, my mom had gall stones back in June, and shortly had her gall bladder removed. Recently, she's been experiencing some of the same symptoms as her Gall bladder attack. Is it possible for it to be gall bladder related? Could they not have removed all of it, or left stones behind?
Answer:
I experienced the same thing after having my gallbladder removed, and realized that I could not digest greens at all.Lettuce, green beans spinach etc.Like the other person said I couldn't digest fats either, so you real have to watch your diet.I also became lactose intolerant after my gallbladder was removed.I hope she gets to feeling better soon.
Is she dieting fat free again? Yes, stones can form in the bile duct and it is very dangerous. She should bring it to her doctor's attention.
I had the same problem about 2 -3 years after I had my gall bladder removed.
For me it ended being exercise related ( lots of ab work and Pilates) I went to the doctor and they re-ultra-sounded my bile duct. She (your mom) should go in and they will hopefully do the same thing. If they measured the duct after surgery ( and they should have) they can re-measure the remnant duct now. If the duct has increased in size then it means she is still passing some (leftover/new? ) stones.
If the duct is unchanged it may be an abdominal issue like mine.
The other alternative they had for me was to go back in and cut a muscle that was getting cramped up on the scar tissue. I opted NOT, and I just deal with it from time to time.
Bottom line she should go back in and get it checked out.
Shadowatdustcatcher's got a good answer, and I might add, from personal experience, that surgeons can and do fail to remove it all, as they did in me. I knew the surgeon personally, and he knew what a chicken I was, so he promised he would only go after the "sludge" as he called it, that was clearly there and would not do any "exploratory" surgery looking for more stones / sludge further around. Well, as a result, he didn't get it all since he was acting on my nervousness and "chicken-ness", and so I had to go in a second time to get the rest out, and that was much easier and quicker than the first time, but a definite must if you want to get rid of the pain, etc.. Just tell your mom to go talk to her doctor about it, and they'll do the rest with ease. And don't forget what shadowatdustcatcher said. She needs to stay on a fat free diet, at least for a while. It's been 11 or 12 years since I had mine out and now I'm eating as freely as always, but at least for a while at first, you need to stick as fat free as possible. God Bless you and your mother.
mastermind i didnt call you an idiot, i meant it to the guy who was asking the question. sorry for that misunderstanding.
these symtoms are called dyspepsia. these are not related to gall bladder.in some patient these symptom persist after gall bladder removal.don't worry it will improve with medicine
Answer:
I experienced the same thing after having my gallbladder removed, and realized that I could not digest greens at all.Lettuce, green beans spinach etc.Like the other person said I couldn't digest fats either, so you real have to watch your diet.I also became lactose intolerant after my gallbladder was removed.I hope she gets to feeling better soon.
Is she dieting fat free again? Yes, stones can form in the bile duct and it is very dangerous. She should bring it to her doctor's attention.
I had the same problem about 2 -3 years after I had my gall bladder removed.
For me it ended being exercise related ( lots of ab work and Pilates) I went to the doctor and they re-ultra-sounded my bile duct. She (your mom) should go in and they will hopefully do the same thing. If they measured the duct after surgery ( and they should have) they can re-measure the remnant duct now. If the duct has increased in size then it means she is still passing some (leftover/new? ) stones.
If the duct is unchanged it may be an abdominal issue like mine.
The other alternative they had for me was to go back in and cut a muscle that was getting cramped up on the scar tissue. I opted NOT, and I just deal with it from time to time.
Bottom line she should go back in and get it checked out.
Shadowatdustcatcher's got a good answer, and I might add, from personal experience, that surgeons can and do fail to remove it all, as they did in me. I knew the surgeon personally, and he knew what a chicken I was, so he promised he would only go after the "sludge" as he called it, that was clearly there and would not do any "exploratory" surgery looking for more stones / sludge further around. Well, as a result, he didn't get it all since he was acting on my nervousness and "chicken-ness", and so I had to go in a second time to get the rest out, and that was much easier and quicker than the first time, but a definite must if you want to get rid of the pain, etc.. Just tell your mom to go talk to her doctor about it, and they'll do the rest with ease. And don't forget what shadowatdustcatcher said. She needs to stay on a fat free diet, at least for a while. It's been 11 or 12 years since I had mine out and now I'm eating as freely as always, but at least for a while at first, you need to stick as fat free as possible. God Bless you and your mother.
mastermind i didnt call you an idiot, i meant it to the guy who was asking the question. sorry for that misunderstanding.
these symtoms are called dyspepsia. these are not related to gall bladder.in some patient these symptom persist after gall bladder removal.don't worry it will improve with medicine
Fungi in the intestine: is a normal flora or pathogens?
Answer:
Fungi are not "normal flora" in the intestine, as many bacteria are. But fungi "passing through" are not uncommon either. We consume many fungal spores every day. They are everywhere. Some of these spores may germinate and begin to grow as they pass through the intestine, which offers ideal conditions for fungal growth, providing warmth, moisture, darkness and nutrients. However, these fungi just pass on through with the rest of the material, and cause no harm. Such fungi can cause infections only in people whose immune systems are suppressed, like AIDS patients and patients undergoing chemotherapy.
fungi is a pathogens which causes microbiol infection
functions of spinal cord?
atleast 3 functions of spinal cord
Answer:
Spinal cord is cylindrical mass of nervous tissue about the thickness of Little finger. It extends from 1st Cervical vertebra i.e., atlas to the lower level of lumbar vertebra. It performs three main functions.
1. It acts as a link between brain and spinal nerves.
2. It conducts sensory and motor impulses to and from the brain.
3. It acts as a centre for the spinal reflexes i.e., an immediate involuntary stereotyped response to a stimulus. Thus reduces the brain's work.
The spinal cord not only mediates simple reflexes such as the tendon jerk but also generates coordinated sequences of movements. A recurring theme of the first session was the great versatility of interneurons. Jankowska reviewed the criteria for classifying interneurons and listed the well-recognised types such as Renshaw cells, as well as interneurons with a more tentative status. She summarised the ways interneurons can operate: combining into networks, shifting the balance of neuronal activity and selecting between pathways. She also reviewed the actions of neuromodulators, showing how they could differentially affect segmental and ascending pathways and influence interneurons by activating plateau potentials.
The main function of the spinal cord is transmission of neural inputs from the periphery to the brain and vice versa and is a vital structure in our survival and functional capacity.
Basically if you damage your spinal cord the consequences can be major. If you damage the area closest to the beginning of the spinal cord...you die, because it controls your breathing, anything below in can cause paralysis. Mostly just quad, and para. However, sometimes it is just minor and can be fixed with simple surgery.
Answer:
Spinal cord is cylindrical mass of nervous tissue about the thickness of Little finger. It extends from 1st Cervical vertebra i.e., atlas to the lower level of lumbar vertebra. It performs three main functions.
1. It acts as a link between brain and spinal nerves.
2. It conducts sensory and motor impulses to and from the brain.
3. It acts as a centre for the spinal reflexes i.e., an immediate involuntary stereotyped response to a stimulus. Thus reduces the brain's work.
The spinal cord not only mediates simple reflexes such as the tendon jerk but also generates coordinated sequences of movements. A recurring theme of the first session was the great versatility of interneurons. Jankowska reviewed the criteria for classifying interneurons and listed the well-recognised types such as Renshaw cells, as well as interneurons with a more tentative status. She summarised the ways interneurons can operate: combining into networks, shifting the balance of neuronal activity and selecting between pathways. She also reviewed the actions of neuromodulators, showing how they could differentially affect segmental and ascending pathways and influence interneurons by activating plateau potentials.
The main function of the spinal cord is transmission of neural inputs from the periphery to the brain and vice versa and is a vital structure in our survival and functional capacity.
Basically if you damage your spinal cord the consequences can be major. If you damage the area closest to the beginning of the spinal cord...you die, because it controls your breathing, anything below in can cause paralysis. Mostly just quad, and para. However, sometimes it is just minor and can be fixed with simple surgery.
functions of different parts of the nose?
Answer:
be more specific
I wonder if this link will help you :-
http://www.revisionrhinoplasty.com/anato...
From where kinetic energy comes for human body motion?
I know that brain is the trigger for muscles to move but where movement energy comes from?
It's like a car. Start key is the trigger but energy comes from battery. Where is the battery in human body?
Answer:
The sourcce of energy for anybody to move, think, or perform any kind of action- whether it is physical or even thinking is the wonderful molecule called ATP- or , Adenosine TriPhosphate. This molecule consists of a base (adenosine) that is attached to a ribose sugar, and three other phosphate groups, hence the name tri-phosphate. Now, when ever the brain detects the intention of motion, or the human preceives that he/she must start moving, as happens in contents or in danger, the brain instructs the body to start breaking down this molecule, ATP, but not completely, only cleaving one phosphate group, so the adenosine triphosphate, is now called adenosine di-phosphate, and a dettached group of phosphate. This cleaving is eesential for body in motion, or brain in thinking since in that link, between the one phosphate group and the rest of the ATP molecule there is a huge energy storage, that can only be "unleashed" if you break that bond. Now, how can you get ATP? this ATP is like your available currency that you use at the grocery store to buy food; but first you must go to the bank and pull out some money. The body does the same thing, only with glucose, starch and fat storage that is dispersed across your body. These storages (bank accounts) start to break down when you start exercising or moving for a long time period thereby producing even more ATP molecules ready to be used by the body. This is the reason why runners tend to drink or ingest really sweet substances since they have a lot of glucose, hence a lot of ATP available. Another reason is, as you exercise more the body starts breaking down the fat storages in the body in order to obtain the necessary amount of ATP to sustain your physical activity, that is why you lose weight when you exercise. I hope it helped. Good Luck.
Chemical reactions that happen in cells with food as a fuel source--%26gt;
Electrical energy from the brain to the muscles. The brain has chemicals that create the electricity.
Muscle cells make ATP from energy released from the foods we eat. The structure of the molecule of ATP has potential energy in it, mainly in its phosphate bond. This molecule interacts with protein molecules in the muscle tissues. (Not sure, but I think the names of the two main proteins are actin and myosin). As the ATP breaks down, the energy of the bond causes movement of these proteins in a way that makes one protein pull on the other in an oar-like fashion. With the collaboration of a multitude of these proteins, it causes the entire muscle tissue to contract or shorten. As the opposite ends of the muscle are connected to different bones, the contraction of the muscle pulls these bones closer together to cause movement, and hence kinetic energy.
It's like a car. Start key is the trigger but energy comes from battery. Where is the battery in human body?
Answer:
The sourcce of energy for anybody to move, think, or perform any kind of action- whether it is physical or even thinking is the wonderful molecule called ATP- or , Adenosine TriPhosphate. This molecule consists of a base (adenosine) that is attached to a ribose sugar, and three other phosphate groups, hence the name tri-phosphate. Now, when ever the brain detects the intention of motion, or the human preceives that he/she must start moving, as happens in contents or in danger, the brain instructs the body to start breaking down this molecule, ATP, but not completely, only cleaving one phosphate group, so the adenosine triphosphate, is now called adenosine di-phosphate, and a dettached group of phosphate. This cleaving is eesential for body in motion, or brain in thinking since in that link, between the one phosphate group and the rest of the ATP molecule there is a huge energy storage, that can only be "unleashed" if you break that bond. Now, how can you get ATP? this ATP is like your available currency that you use at the grocery store to buy food; but first you must go to the bank and pull out some money. The body does the same thing, only with glucose, starch and fat storage that is dispersed across your body. These storages (bank accounts) start to break down when you start exercising or moving for a long time period thereby producing even more ATP molecules ready to be used by the body. This is the reason why runners tend to drink or ingest really sweet substances since they have a lot of glucose, hence a lot of ATP available. Another reason is, as you exercise more the body starts breaking down the fat storages in the body in order to obtain the necessary amount of ATP to sustain your physical activity, that is why you lose weight when you exercise. I hope it helped. Good Luck.
Chemical reactions that happen in cells with food as a fuel source--%26gt;
Electrical energy from the brain to the muscles. The brain has chemicals that create the electricity.
Muscle cells make ATP from energy released from the foods we eat. The structure of the molecule of ATP has potential energy in it, mainly in its phosphate bond. This molecule interacts with protein molecules in the muscle tissues. (Not sure, but I think the names of the two main proteins are actin and myosin). As the ATP breaks down, the energy of the bond causes movement of these proteins in a way that makes one protein pull on the other in an oar-like fashion. With the collaboration of a multitude of these proteins, it causes the entire muscle tissue to contract or shorten. As the opposite ends of the muscle are connected to different bones, the contraction of the muscle pulls these bones closer together to cause movement, and hence kinetic energy.
from where do thyroid arises?
Answer:
We all know what the tyroid is it for, where it is, how big it is and bladibladibal, right?I might be wrong, but I think the question referres to the "embryonic" origin of the gland thyroid
The thyroid is formed by the fusion of two structures of separate embryonic origin: the thyroid diverticulum, derived from the endoepithelium in the floor of the pharynx; and the ultimobranchial bodies, formed as evaginations of the 4th pouches. For each of these endodermal evaginations, there is a corresponding ectodermal invagination or pharyngeal cleft. The ectodermal and endodermal epithelia, placed back to back, form the pharyngeal membrane. During their descent in the neck, these pharyngeal organs are surrounded by mesenchyme derived from the cranial neural crest.Hope this was the correct interpretation of your question.
Have alook at this website for more details
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcg...
The thyroid (from the Greek word for "shield", after its shape) is one of the larger endocrine glands in the body. It is a double-lobed structure located in the neck and produces hormones, principally thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. Iodine is an essential component of both T3 and T4. The thyroid also produces the hormone calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) are the most common problems of the thyroid gland. Specialists are called Thyroidologists..
The thyroid (from the Greek word for "shield", after its shape) is one of the larger endocrine glands in the body. It is a double-lobed structure located in the neck and produces hormones, principally thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. The hormone calcitonin is also produced and controls calcium blood levels. Iodine is necessary for the production of both hormones. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) are the most common problems of the thyroid gland. Specialists are called Thyroidologists.
1) Hormone Production. To produce thyroxine (T4) requires manganese, iodine, tyrosine, cyclic AMP, vitamin C and B-complex, and other micronutrients. Radiation toxicity, excessive oxidant stress or toxic chemicals can block hormone synthesis. Mercury and copper toxicity stimulate hormone synthesis.2) Hormone Release. Secretion of thyroid hormones requires sympathetic nervous stimulation. Many people have exhausted adrenals or other autonomic imbalances that may affect the sympathetic nervous system.3) Absorption into the Cells. Once released into the blood, T4 must be absorbed into the body cells. For this to occur, the cell membranes must function properly. Accumulation of biounavailable calcium and magnesium excessively stabilize cell membranes and reduce cell permeability. Deficient calcium and magnesium cause excessive cell permeability. Oxidant stress or impaired fatty acid metabolism or other damage to cell membranes can also block absorption of thyroxine.
Copper affects absorption by altering calcium and potassium levels. Cadmium or nickel toxicity affect hormone absorption by affecting the levels of calcium, sodium and other critical minerals.4) Utilization in the Mitochondria. Once inside the cells, thyroxine must be converted to to T3 and utilized in the mitochondria. Potassium plays a role in sensitizing the mitochondria to thyroid hormone. Fluorides in drinking water and chlorides found in bleaches used to make white flour are powerful inhibitors of thyroid hormone utilization. They interfere with iodine metabolism. Substances in soy and in raw cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli also inhibit thyroid hormone utilization. The worst foods for one's thyroid are soy products and foods made with white flour. Many packaged foods processed with water contain high levels of fluorides that have found their way into water supplies.
Cells must also be able to respond to thyroid hormone stimulation. A range of vitamins and minerals are required for energy production in the glycolysis and carboxylic acid cycles in the mitochondria. If these co-factors are missing or toxins block steps in the pathway, thyroid hormone will be ineffective in increasing energy production
:P
The thyroid is situated on the front side of the neck, starting at the oblique line on the thyroid cartilage (just below the laryngeal prominence or Adam's apple), and extending to the 6th Tracheal ring (C-shaped cartilagenous ring of the trachea). Vertebral levels are inappropriate to demarcate the gland's upper and lower border with vertebral levels as it moves position in relation to these during swallowing. It lies over the trachea and is covered by layers of pretracheal fascia (allowing it to move), muscle and skin.The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands - 10-20 grams in adults and butterfly-shaped. The wings correspond to the lobes and the body to the isthmus of the thyroid. It may enlarge substantially during pregnancy and when affected by a variety of diseases.
From where can I get the Drug "MINOXIDIL" in India.Which company manufactures this drug in India?
UpJohn Corporation came out with a topical solution of 2% minoxidil, called Rogaine, for the specific treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Minoxidil is available as a topical solution that is generally either 2% or 5% minoxidil in propylene glycol. The propylene glycol ensures that the applied minoxidil is evenly spread across the affected area and easily absorbed through the skin
Answer:
IDK but if u find out email me!
Answer:
IDK but if u find out email me!
From the time an opiate enters your body how long before you can pass a urine test?Min & Max please.?
Answer:
Opiates (i.e., Opium: China, Dreams, Laudanum, Paregoric; Dover's Powder), stay in your body for 1-2 days.
just get off the drugs man, SHEESH!
it all depends on things like your weight, metabolism, frequency, etc. If your a bigger person, the drug will get stored in your fat cells and if your a frequent user. it may take upwards of a couple of months only if you totally detoxed (water, excersize, stop using) .but if your tiny and you took a blunt at a party a couple of weekends ago. then you should be good. this is all experience.. everyone is different..
First off, listen to yoppo and rxsuperhero on this matter. As for my actual stab at answering your question...The min. time would be the same time as when you put it in your mouth. If you wait, say an hour or so, then you are going to have to wait for 3-5 days based on all the stuff my other two "colleagues" have mentioned. This is a longer estimate than mentioned, because it is always better to be safe than sorry.
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